Table 3.

Longitudinal analysis of cortical thickness in two models of Gulf War Illness.

		PB/PM model		PB/DEET/CORT/DFP model
Region	Time point	Control (n = 6)	GWI (n = 6)	Control (n = 5–6)	GWI (n = 6)
Frontal cortex	6	0.30 ± 0.006	0.30 ± 0.006	0.29 ± 0.006	0.29 ± 0.010
	9	0.29 ± 0.009	0.28 ± 0.003a	0.28 ± 0.007	0.31 ± 0.005
	12	0.29 ± 0.009	0.30 ± 0.007b^	0.29 ± 0.010	0.29 ± 0.010
Motor cortex	6	0.12 ± 0.001	0.11 ± 0.002	0.12 ± 0.002	0.12 ± 0.002
	9	0.12 ± 0.003	0.11 ± 0.002	0.12 ± 0.003	0.12 ± 0.001
	12	0.11 ± 0.002a^	0.12 ± 0.001^	0.13 ± 0.000	0.12 ± 0.002
Auditory cortex	6	0.10 ± 0.005	0.10 ± 0.003	0.09 ± 0.001	0.08 ± 0.002
	9	0.09 ± 0.004	0.10 ± 0.002	0.09 ± 0.003	0.08 ± 0.002
	12	0.09 ± 0.003a^	0.09 ± 0.002a^	0.09 ± 0.003	0.08 ± 0.002

Cortical thickness measurements (in mm) were conducted across the frontal, motor, auditory, somatosensory, and dorsolateral entorhinal in the PB/PM and PB/DEET/CORT/DFP models of GWI over the course of 12 months. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Sample sizes were: PB/PM model, n = 6/group/timepoint; PB/DEET/CORT/DFP model, n = 5–6/group/timepoint. ^a and ^b denote a significant pairwise comparison from the 6- and 9-month time points, respectively, p ≤ 0.05. ^{^} denotes a trending effect of treatment, whereas ^{a^} and ^{b^} indicate a trending effect from 6 and 9 months, respectively, p ≤ 0.10. CORT, corticosterone; DEET, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide; DFP, diisopropylfluorophosphate; PB, pyridostigmine bromide; PM, permethrin.