Table 4.

Univariate survival analysis of prognostic factors for periampullary cancer

		Overall survival			Disease-free survival
		Univariate analysis			Univariate analysis
		HR	95% CI	p-value	HR	95% CI	p-value
Age, years	<56
	≥56	1.016	0.985–1.048	0.12	1.016	0.985–1.048	0.317
Sex	Male
	Female	1.038	0.589–1.829	0.5897	1.206	0.62–2.347	0.581
Clinico-radiological primary site	Ampulla	0.978	0.133–7.216	0.983	0.613	0.148–2.544	0.500
	CBD	0.817	0.091–7.32	0.857	0.587	0.118–2.921	0.515
	Duodenum	0.00	0.00–NR	0.972	0.00	0.00–NR	0.976
Preoperative biliary drainage	ERCP			0.295			0.115
	PTBD	2.937	1.01–8.54	0.048	2.817	1.089–7.284	0.033
	EUS- BD	1.156	0.156–8.56	0.887	1.852	0.444–7.724	0.397
	No	0.672	0.234–1.936	0.462	0.571	0.224–1.458	0.241
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	Yes
	No	0.846	0.203–3.53	0.819	1.361	0.330–5.611	0.669
Surgery approach	Open
	Robotic	0.429	0.059–3.14	0.405	0.580	0.141–2.391	0.451
Vascular resection	Yes
	No	0.186	0.055–0.628	0.007	0.187	0.056–0.621	0.006
Histopathology primary site	Duodenum	0.637	0.058–7.042	0.713	0.364	0.038–3.50	0.382
	CBD	1.863	0.338–10.28	0.475	1.769	0.438–7.149	0.424
	Periampullary, NOS	1.244	0.291–5.31	0.768	1.132	0.344–3.729	0.838
	Ampulla	1.672	0.342–8.167	0.526	1.586	0.437–5.757	0.483
Adjuvant treatment	Observation	0.028	0.006–0.132	0.002			0.023
	CT	4.059	0.0947–17.4	0.059	1.788	0.780–4.098	0.169
	CTRT	24.90	3.92–158	0.001	7.09	1.749–28.80	0.006
Tumor size		1.098	0.84–1.423	0.478	1.088	0.876–1.350	0.447
LN ratio		12.26	1.46–102	0.021	10.9	1.608–74.04	0.014
LVI	Present
	Absent	0.587	0.3–1.14	0.120	0.629	0.356–1.113	0.111
PNI	Present
	Absent	0.476	0.238–0.953	0.036	0.503	0.277–0.914	0.024
Margins	Free (R0)
	Involved (R+)	2.097	0.81–5.41	0.126	1.817	0.772–4.275	0.172
Ampullary subtype	Intestinal			0.028			0.218
	Pancreatobiliary	1.038	0.297–3.628	0.953	1.245	0.460–3.37	0.667
	Mixed	5.596	1.48–21.08	0.011	3.244	1.001– 0.51	0.050
	Biliary type	4.132	0.423–40.38	0.222	2.412	0.278–20.96	0.425
pT stage	T1			0.129			0.138
	T2	6.588	0.85–50.49	0.070	2.613	0.880–7.756	0.084
	T3	9.936	1.324–74.54	0.026	3.503	1.211–10.13	0.021
	T4	8.58	0.773–95.246	0.080	3.016	0.550–16.55	0.204
pN stage	N0			0.009			0.007
	N1	2.418	0.897–6.517	0.081	1.5	0.678–3.318	0.317
	N2	3.865	1.620–9.218	0.002	2.80	1.44–5.453	0.002
N16 involvement	Yes	2.433	1.244–4.757	0.009	2.04	1.132–3.675	0.018
	No

Bold values indicate significant p-value

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, CBD common bile duct, ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, PTBD percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, CT chemotherapy, CTRT concurrent chemoradiotherapy, LVI lymphovascular invasion, PNI perineural invasion, LN lymph nodes, NR not reached, NOS not otherwise specified, EUS-BD endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage