Fig. 1. Illustration of an ideal BPM-based membrane electrode assembly for CO₂-to-CO electrolysis.

a A schematic illustration of an ideal BPMEA cell configuration. b Elucidation of the use of the reverted CO₂ from (bi)carbonate acidification for CO₂ reduction at the interface between the cathode and cation-exchange layer (CEL). c Water dissociation at the interface between CEL and anion-exchange layer (AEL).