Table 3.

Regression results for persistent catastrophic measures.

Variables	UGANDA				TANZANIA				MALAWI
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
	$\mathbf{\Delta }\mathbf{in}$CHE	Transient	Persistent	Chronic k=2	$\mathbf{\Delta }\mathbf{in}$CHE	Transient	Persistent	Chronic k=2	$\mathbf{\Delta }\mathbf{in}$CHE	Transient	Persistent	Chronic k=2
	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$	$\mathit{\beta }\left[\mathit{S}\mathit{E}\right]$
Household characteristics
Urban/Rural(=1)	−0.0177	0.08*	−0.09**	−0.11**	−0.0033	0.00	−0.09**	−0.05*	−0.0087	−0.05*	−0.06**	−0.03
	[0.0184]	[0.035]	[0.029]	[0.033]	[0.0153]	[0.039]	[0.026]	[0.023]	[0.0249]	[0.026]	[0.021]	[0.019]
Household owned(=1)	0.16*	0.03	−0.01	0.01	0.04	−0.03	−0.08*	−0.06*	–	–	–	–
	[0.080]	[0.026]	[0.023]	[0.025]	[0.064]	[0.040]	[0.035]	[0.027]	–	–	–	–
Household size	−0.0035	0.01*	−0.01+	−0.00	−0.0074*	0.00	−0.01+	0.00	0.01	0.00	−0.00	0.01+
	[0.0032]	[0.004]	[0.004]	[0.004]	[0.0034]	[0.006]	[0.004]	[0.003]	[0.018]	[0.004]	[0.003]	[0.003]
HH head is over 60 years(=1)	0.0097	−0.01	0.00	0.01	0.0258	−0.57**	0.04	0.13**	−0.0806	−0.03	−0.08+	−0.04
	[0.0198]	[0.030]	[0.028]	[0.029]	[0.0673]	[0.148]	[0.091]	[0.039]	[0.0524]	[0.049]	[0.043]	[0.037]
HH head is female(=1)	−0.0113	0.04	0.03	0.06+	0.0071	0.06	−0.02	−0.11**	0.0127	−0.01	−0.01	0.04*
	[0.0202]	[0.029]	[0.028]	[0.029]	[0.0242]	[0.043]	[0.044]	[0.037]	[0.0237]	[0.021]	[0.025]	[0.019]
Education of HH head (No education – reference)
Primary education(=1)	−0.0138	0.00	0.09**	0.08**	−0.0377*	−0.02	−0.00	−0.01	−0.0717	0.05	−0.02	−0.06+
	[0.0194]	[0.028]	[0.026]	[0.027]	[0.0176]	[0.034]	[0.032]	[0.025]	[0.0497]	[0.035]	[0.041]	[0.035]
Secondary education(=1)	−0.0186	0.12**	−0.01	0.04	−0.0301	0.00	−0.03	−0.03	–	0.04	−0.12**	−0.08*
	[0.0246]	[0.039]	[0.033]	[0.037]	[0.0241]	[0.057]	[0.042]	[0.040]	–	[0.038]	[0.043]	[0.037]
University or equivalent(=1)	0.0230	0.12*	−0.06	−0.02	0.0851	0.34**	−0.23**	−0.14**	–	−0.01	−0.03	−0.15**
	[0.0303]	[0.055]	[0.044]	[0.050]	[0.0686]	[0.121]	[0.061]	[0.048]	–	[0.052]	[0.056]	[0.040]
Marital status of the Household head (Monogamous-reference)
Married polygamous(=1)	0.0287	0.03	−0.14**	−0.15**	0.0035	0.09+	−0.02	0.06+	−0.0359	−0.03	0.04	0.07*
	[0.0190]	[0.029]	[0.025]	[0.027]	[0.0215]	[0.046]	[0.039]	[0.034]	[0.1500]	[0.037]	[0.035]	[0.035]
Living together(=1)	–	–	–	–	–	0.04	−0.11**	−0.03	–	–	–	–
	–	–	–	–	–	[0.034]	[0.025]	[0.022]	–	–	–	–
Separated(=1)	–	–	–	–	–	0.08	−0.08+	−0.11**	–	–	–	–
	–	–	–	–	–	[0.065]	[0.049]	[0.034]	–	–	–	–
Divorced(=1)	0.0256	−0.00	−0.03	−0.04	0.0095	0.06	−0.01	0.19*	0.0807	−0.04+	0.06*	−0.01
	[0.0282]	[0.046]	[0.044]	[0.046]	[0.0290]	[0.086]	[0.095]	[0.091]	[0.0947]	[0.024]	[0.028]	[0.021]
Never Married(=1)	0.0108	−0.17*	−0.13+	−0.17*	−0.0263	0.22+	0.04	−0.12**	0.0563	–	–	–
	[0.0547]	[0.073]	[0.077]	[0.078]	[0.0400]	[0.122]	[0.128]	[0.031]	[0.1766]	–	–	–
Widower(=1)	0.0040	−0.02	−0.03	−0.01	0.0401	0.10+	0.03	−0.02	0.0810	–	–	–
	[0.0265]	[0.038]	[0.035]	[0.037]	[0.0303]	[0.060]	[0.056]	[0.048]	[0.0970]	–	–	–
Employment situation Household head
Hours worked per week	−0.0003	−0.05*	0.02	−0.01						−0.07*	−0.08**	−0.02
	[0.0004]	[0.024]	[0.022]	[0.024]	–	–	–	–	–	[0.027]	[0.025]	[0.025]
Employment status(=1)	−0.0073	–	–	–	0.0539	−0.49**	0.10	0.16**	−0.0071	–	–	–
	[0.0215]	–	–	–	[0.0628]	[0.134]	[0.079]	[0.030]	[0.0210]	–	–	–
Members age in years
Children between 0 and 5	−0.0021	0.00	0.02	0.04**	−0.0107	0.02	−0.01	−0.01	−0.0050	−0.03*	0.03**	−0.04**
	[0.0062]	[0.013]	[0.013]	[0.014]	[0.0067]	[0.018]	[0.012]	[0.010]	[0.0106]	[0.013]	[0.011]	[0.011]
Household members aged 60 or more	0.0029	−0.00	0.02*	0.02+	0.0043	0.03	0.02	−0.01	0.0665	0.03	0.05	0.03
	[0.0060]	[0.009]	[0.009]	[0.009]	[0.0193]	[0.044]	[0.034]	[0.023]	[0.0356]	[0.033]	[0.029]	[0.026]
Health care use and health shock
Have used hospital care(=1)	0.2611***	0.02	0.15**	0.19**	0.0775***	0.06*	0.08**	0.19**	0.1649***	0.03	0.18**	0.12**
	[0.0190]	[0.027]	[0.027]	[0.026]	[0.0107]	[0.032]	[0.026]	[0.025]	[0.0363]	[0.031]	[0.032]	[0.031]
Have used outpatient care(=1)	0.2808***	−0.10	0.32**	0.22*	0.0820***	0.01	0.16**	0.07**	0.3840***	0.05**	0.25**	0.17**
	[0.0479]	[0.070]	[0.083]	[0.085]	[0.0070]	[0.028]	[0.023]	[0.019]	[0.0254]	[0.021]	[0.022]	[0.020]
Household head health shocks (=1)	0.0074	−0.03	0.06*	0.06*	0.0600*	−0.07	−0.01	0.05	−0.0185	−0.00	0.02	0.02
	[0.0142]	[0.028]	[0.028]	[0.029]	[0.0275]	[0.052]	[0.039]	[0.036]	[0.0241]	[0.023]	[0.019]	[0.019]
Constant	−0.0450	0.31**	0.31**	0.38**	−0.0324	0.65**	0.18*	0.04	−0.0065	0.20**	0.18**	0.14**
	[0.0308]	[0.043]	[0.040]	[0.042]	[0.0658]	[0.147]	[0.089]	[0.044]	[0.0050]	[0.038]	[0.044]	[0.036]
Observations	6505	3610	3610	3610	5810	2601	2601	2601	4983	4983	4983	4983
R-squared	0.03576	0.027	0.061	0.066	0.04032	0.037	0.095	0.094	0.11191	0.019	0.148	0.102

Notes: Balanced panel using longitudinal IPWT weights. Malawi IHPS for years 2010, 2013 and 2016; Tanzania TNSP for years 2008, 2010 and 2012; Uganda UNPS for years 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2015. Balanced panels using longitudinal IPWT weights. The data has been adjusted for inflation using 2011 as the reference year to reflect price changes over the analysis period. CHE defined at 5% and 10% of the budget share are based on Wagstaff and Doorslaer (2003). CHE at 25% of the capacity-to-pay are based on the methodology proposed by Xu et al. (2003). Persistent means time-mean share health expenditures are above $\tau$, but not CHE at all dates. Transient means time-mean share health expenditures are not above $\tau$, but with CHE at some dates. Chronic $k$ = 2 households have at least two periods with CHE.