Fig. 3.

Estradiol prolongs left atrial repolarisation to a greater extent in females than males. (A) Exemplar left atrial optical action potentials treated with 0 nM or 100 nM estradiol. (B) APD₇₀ maps at 100 ms cycle length. (C—D) Male and female mean left atrial APD₇₀ with 0 nM, 1 nM and 100 nM estradiol treatment at 80 ms, 100 ms and 120 ms cycle lengths. (E) Estradiol-induced change in APD₇₀ in male vs female left atria. (F-G) Male and female APD₇₀ spatial heterogeneity with increasing estradiol concentration (100 ms cycle length). Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way across different cycle lengths or one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak's multiple comparison tests across different sex steroid concentrations. #, * and † indicate P < 0.05 cycle length effect, treatment effect (vs 0 nM at all cycle lengths) and sex difference, respectively; n = 6–9.