| Population |
Adults ages ≥18 y with chronic pain or painful muscle spasms (experiencing pain on most days for >3 mo) |
| Intervention |
Daily use of an oral nonbenzodiazepine antispasmotic drug(s) for 4 weeks or longer |
| Comparison |
Placebo, other pain medication, nonpharmacologic pain treatment, nonexposed cohort, baseline (historical) data |
| Outcome |
Any outcome(s) that pertains to pain severity, pain interference, or quality of life |
| Study design |
Randomized clinical trials, observational studies with a nonexposed cohort, observational studies with baseline evaluation, with at least 10 patients in the intervention arm |
