Table 2.
The application of mRNA in cancer immunotherapy
| Agent | Disease/Condition | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer vaccines | luciferase and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA | colon carcinoma | 20 |
| gp100 mRNA | melanoma | 21 | |
| prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA to DC | prostate cancer | 22 | |
| mRNA coding for the melanoma associated antigens | melanoma | 24 | |
| tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) mRNA | triple negative breast cancer | NCT02316457 | |
| personalized mRNA vaccines | melanoma | 25 | |
| Adoptive T-cell therapy | chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) mRNA to T cells | acute lymphoblastic leukemia | 28 |
| c-Met-CAR mRNA | metastatic breast cancer | 29 | |
| mRNA-encoded antibodies |
BiTE encoding mRNA with 1-methylpseudouridine (RiboMAB) simultaneously targets CD3 and one of three tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) | ovarian cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma | 26 |
| mRNA encoding bispecifically binds and neutralizes CCL2 and CCL5 (BisCCL2/5i) | primary liver cancer, liver metastasis of colorectal and pancreatic cancers | 30 | |
| mRNA-encoded immunomodulatory proteins |
mRNA encoding four tumor-regressing cytokines (IL-12 single chain, IFN-α, GM-CSF, and IL-15) | colorectal cancer, melanoma | 27 |
| mRNAs encoding OX40L, IL-36γ, and IL-23 | hepatoma, colon carcinoma | 31 |