Table 3.

The pros and cons of each mRNA NPs

Nanoparticles carrier	Pros	Cons
Liposomes	Good biocompatibility; Multifunctionality; Can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs at the same time.	Complex preparation process; Less amenable to scalability
Lipid nanoparticles	Encapsulation of mRNA using lipid bilayers prevents enzymatic degradation in the somatic circulation; Simple chemical synthesis of lipid-related components; Robust encapsulation capabilities.	The reticuloendothelial system (RES) or multiple organs can remove LNP from somatic circulation limiting its effectiveness.
Polymer nanoparticles	Forms stable complexes with RNA through electrostatic interactions, thus resisting degradation and promoting cellular uptake; Highly modifiable (easily functionalized, optimized drug release kinetics); Robust nucleic acid loading capacity.	Have the cytotoxicity; High molecular weight polymers are prone to aggregation in vivo.
Hybrid nanoparticles	Diverse structures; Better stability and biocompatibility.	Complexity of design and synthesis; Poor biodegradability; High production cost.
Protein nanoparticles	Good biocompatibility, adjustability and biodegradability	Low encapsulation efficiency; Endotoxin-induced toxicity; Abrupt drug release.
Exosomes	Good biocompatibility	Complexity of extraction
Peptide-based nanovesicles	High drug loading capacity; Good biocompatibility; Strong customizability	Poor stability; High production costs; Prone to immune reactions
OMVs	Strong immunogenicity; Multifunctional	High production costs; Poor stability; Unclear mechanisms