Table 4.

Therapeutic efficacy of COVID-19 immunotherapy for Lymphopenia

Interventions	Observations	References
rhIL-7	Treatment with rhIL-7 ex vivo significantly improves T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in cells from COVID-19 patients.	[188]
rhG-CSF	Treatment of COVID-19 patients with lymphopenia and no comorbidities with rhG-CSF leads to rapid restoration of lymphocyte (especially CD8 + T-cell and NK-cell) counts and appears to reduce the frequency of patients progressing to critical illness or death.	[208]
TNF-α blockers, including infliximab or anti-TNF receptor 1 antibodies	In vitro TNF-α blockade strikingly rescued Spike-1-specific CD4 T-cell proliferation and abrogated Spike-1-specific activation-induced cell death in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with severe COVID-19.	[209]
Degalactosylated bovine glycoprotein formulations MAF and M сapsules	Both MAF and M сapsules prevent depletion and accelerate recovery of absolute lymphocyte counts in COVID-19 patients.	[210]
PG2, a novel injectable botanical containing Astragalus polysaccharides	Administration of PG2 is beneficial to patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and lymphopenia.	[211]