. 2024 Sep 16;70(9):e20240180. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.20240180

Table 3. Comparison of sleep quality to variables associated with sleep in participants.

Characteristics		PSQI≤5 (n=291)	PSQI>5 (n=279)	Tests	p-value
Characteristics		±SD	±SD	Tests	p-value
Age (years)		27.45±5.46	27.25±5.15	^ct=0.270	p=0.655
BMI in the third-trimester		28.91±4.24	29.02±4.40	^ct=−0.303	p=0.762
Number of pregnancies		2.10±1.35	2.16±1.30	^ct=−0.555	p=0.579
Fatigue level-daily activity		3.73±2.16	5.16±2.23	^ct=−7.771	p=0.000^**
Perceived Stress Scale		24.97±5.00	26.89±5.08	^ct=−4.551	p=0.000^**
Hemoglobin		n (%)	n (%)
	<11 g/dL hemoglobin	78 (26.8)	102 (36.6)	^d X ²=6.273	p=0.012^*
	≥11 g/dL hemoglobin	213 (73.2)	177 (63.4)	^d X ²=6.273	p=0.012^*
Planning the pregnancy
	Planned pregnancy	128 (44.0)	111 (39.8)	^d X ²=1.033	p=0.310
	Unplanned pregnancy	163 (56.0)	168 (60.2)	^d X ²=1.033	p=0.310
Income status perception
	High-income status	27 (9.3)^a	24 (8.6)^a	^d X ²=8.529	p=0.014^*
	Middle-income status	195 (67.0)^a	158 (56.6)^b
	Low-income status	69 (23.7)^a	97 (34.8)^b
Smoking status during pregnancy
	Smoking	26 (8.9)	40 (14.3)	^d X ²=4.060	p=0.044^*
	Not smoking	265 (91.1)	239 (85.7)	^d X ²=4.060	p=0.044^*
Participation in pregnant education
	Participated	62 (21.3)	35 (12.5)	^d X ²=7.742	p=0.005^*
	Not participated	229 (78.7)	244 (87.5)	^d X ²=7.742	p=0.005^*
Leg pains or cramps during pregnancy
	Existent	222 (76.3)	234 (83.9)	^d X ²=5.118	p=0.024^*
	Non-existent	69 (23.7)	45 (16.1)	^d X ²=5.118	p=0.024^*
Back, waist, or neck pain during pregnancy
	Existent	232 (79.7)	246 (88.2)	^d X ²=7.509	p=0.006^*
	Non-existent	59 (20.3)	33 (11.8)	^d X ²=7.509	p=0.006^*
International Physical Activity Questionnaires-SF
	Inactive	150 (51.5)	136 (48.7)	^d X ²=0.447	p=0.504
	Minimal or very active	141 (48.5)	143 (51.3)	^d X ²=0.447	p=0.504
Brief Fatigue Inventory
	No fatigue or very little	132 (45.3)^a	67 (24.0)^b	^d X ²=38.594	p=0.000^**
	Moderate fatigue	125 (43.0)^a	134 (48.0)^a
	High or maximum fatigue	34 (11.7)^a	78 (28.0)^b
Perceived Stress Scale
	<29 pregnant stressed	231 (79.4)	199 (71.3)	^d X ²=4.988	p=0.026^*
	≥30 pregnant not stressed	60 (20.6)	80 (28.7)	^d X ²=4.988	p=0.026^*
Restless Legs Syndrome Form
	Have RLS	61 (21.0)	82 (29.4)	^d X ²=5.384	p=0.020^*
	Don't have RLS	230 (79.0)	197 (70.6)	^d X ²=5.384	p=0.020^*

PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SF: short form; RLS: restless legs syndrome. ^a,bThe difference in fatigue levels. ^cStudent's t-test. ^dPearson chi-square. Significant p-values are bold.

p<0.05

^**

p<0.001.