Fig. 5.

Association of general anesthesia with neurodevelopmental delay at 36–48 months and the age at first exposure to receiving general anesthesia before 3 years of age (n = 42,788) Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for neurodevelopmental delay from age 36 to 48 months in each domain of the Japanese translation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (Third Edition). Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, body mass index before pregnancy, marital status, smoking status, early pregnancy occupational status, educational background, annual household income, fetal sex, gestational age at birth, use of any medication before and during pregnancy, mode of delivery, presence or absence of epidural analgesia, birth weight, presence or absence of nursery school attendance at 6 and 12 months of age, breastfeeding method during the first 6 months of life, and presence or absence of cohabiting siblings. A multiple imputation method was used to reduce potential selection bias from missing variables