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tRNA decoding cycle. tRNAs are post-transcriptionally modified before aminoacylation by their respective aaRSs. After aminoacylation, aa-tRNAs are delivered to the ribosome by elongation factors (EF-Tu or EF1A), where they base-pair with their corresponding codon. After codon recognition, the delivered amino acid (aa) is added to a nascent polypeptide chain by the ribosome (the elongation step). The “uncharged” tRNA enters a new cycle of aminoacylation and elongation.
