Table 1.

Preparation variables and materials for LNPs.

Features of LNP preparation	Representative Examples
1. Lipids
Cationic/ionizable lipid	DOTAP, DODAB, DLin-MC3-DMA, C12–200, DLin-KC2, DMA, ALC-0315, SM-102, L319
Cholesterol	Cholesterol, β-sitosterol
Helper lipids (Phospholipids)	DSPC, DOPE, DOPC, DSPE
PEGylated lipid	DMG-PEG, DSG-PEG, DMG-C-PEG2000, ALC-0159
2. Molar ratio of lipids	Typically, molar ratio of lipids (Cationic/ionizable lipid: Cholesterol: Phospholipid: PEG lipid) ranges from 30 to 50 %: 20–50 %:10–20 %: 0.5–5 %
3. Nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratio	N/P ratio can vary from 2 to 16
4. Aqueous buffer	Sodium acetate, Sodium citrate and Malic acid buffer. pH 3–6.
5. Mixing pattern	Hand mixing, T junction method, Microfluidic mixing.
6. Flow rate	Total flow rate changes from 0.5 to 20 (ml/min) whereas flow rate ratio be 1:1 to 1:5 (lipid to aqueous).