Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Birth (0-6 mo) | Early life (5 y) | Adolescence (12-16 y) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Participants, No.a | Outcome | Participants, No.b | Outcome | Participants, No.c | |
| Gestational age, median (IQR), wk | 40.0 (39.0-41.0) | 225 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Birth weight, mean (SD), g | 3530 (506) | 225 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Postnatal weight gain, mean (SD), z scored | 0.2 (0.9) | 187 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||
| Female | NA | NA | 123 (53.0) | 232 | 121 (52.2) | 232 |
| Male | NA | NA | 109 (47.0) | 232 | 111 (47.8) | 232 |
| Age, median (IQR), y | NA | NA | 5.3 (5.2-5.5) | 199 | 14.9 (13.7-15.8) | 232 |
| BMI, mean (SD)e | NA | NA | 15.1 (1.2) | 199 | 19.8 (3.1) | 232 |
| BMI, mean (SD), z score | NA | NA | −0.2 (1.1) | 199 | 0.2 (1.1) | 232 |
| Smoking, No. (%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2 (0.9) | 223 |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease, No. (%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 76 (33.5) | 227 |
| Systolic BP, median (IQR), mm Hg | NA | NA | 102 (97-106) | 197 | 109 (103-114) | 231 |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), percentilef | NA | NA | 72.2 (20.0) | 197 | 45.5 (24.2) | 231 |
| Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | NA | NA | 53.8 (7.0) | 197 | 56.7 (6.4) | 231 |
| Diastolic BP, mean (SD), percentilef | NA | NA | 38.0 (22.8) | 197 | 18.7 (15.9) | 231 |
| SAT, median (IQR), mm | NA | NA | 5.9 (4.7-7.6) | 188 | 11.9 (8.6-18.6) | 185 |
| ∆SAT, median (IQR), mmg | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.3 (3.3-11.0) | 153 |
| VAT, median (IQR), mm | NA | NA | 35.6 (6.3) | 156 | 43.4 (37.7-51.5) | 180 |
| ∆VAT, mean (SD), mmg | NA | NA | NA | NA | 9.6 (10.7) | 124 |
| Carotid intima-media thickness, median (IQR), μm | NA | NA | NA | NA | 432 (392-491) | 232 |
| Distensibility coefficient, median (IQR), 10−3 kPa | NA | NA | NA | NA | 40 (38-50) | 218 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; NA, not applicable; SAT, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue depth; VAT, abdominal visceral adipose tissue depth.
a
Denominator of birth characteristics.
b
Denominator of early-life characteristics.
c
Denominator of adolescent characteristics.
d
Postnatal weight gain measured as the difference in weight z score from birth (corrected for sex and gestational age) to 6 months of age (corrected for sex and age).
e
BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
f
BP percentiles were calculated based on sex, height, and age.
g
∆ is the difference between the adolescence (12-16 years) and early-life (5 years) value.