Table 2. Cross-correlation analysis between PM2.5 concentrations and various NCDs in across Northern Thailand.
Cross-correlation values, 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-values are presented for each lag from lag0 to lag4.
| Province | Lag | Chronic Lung Diseaase | Stroke | Hearth Disease | Hypertension | Diabets | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cross-Correlation
(95% CI) |
P-value |
Cross-Correlation
(95% CI) |
P-value |
Cross-Correlation
(95% CI) |
P-value |
Cross-Correlation
(95% CI) |
P-value |
Cross-Correlation
(95% CI) |
P-value | ||
| Chiang Mai | 0 | −0.64 (−0.97, 0.56) |
0.602 | 0.28 (−0.80, 0.93) |
0.887 | 0.75 (−0.39, 0.98) |
0.598 | −0.62 (−0.97, 0.58) |
0.596 | 0.21 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.724 |
| 1 | −0.22 (−0.92, 0.82) |
0.646 | −0.18 (−0.92, 0.84) |
0.709 | −0.18 (−0.92, 0.83) |
0.693 | −0.01 (−0.89, 0.88) |
0.975 | −0.20 (−0.92, 0.83) |
0.723 | |
| 2 | 0.31 (−0.79, 0.94) |
0.397 | −0.33 (−0.94, 0.78) |
0.396 | 0.02 (−0.88, 0.89) |
0.937 |
0.73
(−0.43, 0.98) |
0.0270* | −0.48 (−0.96, 0.70) |
0.221 | |
| 3 | 0.28 (−0.80, 0.93) |
0.349 | 0.09 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.74 | 0.00 (−0.88, 0.88) |
0.984 | 0.14 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.6 | −0.10 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.685 | |
| 4 | 0.20 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.245 | −0.02 (−0.89, 0.88) |
0.808 | −0.28 (−0.93, 0.80) |
0.157 | −0.22 (−0.92, 0.82) |
0.179 | 0.18 (−0.84, 0.92) |
0.359 | |
| Chiangrai | 0 | −0.43 (−0.95, 0.73) |
0.704 | 0.02 (−0.88, 0.89) |
0.97 | −0.10 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.83 | −0.09 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.831 | 0.17 (−0.84, 0.92) |
0.784 |
| 1 | 0.02 (−0.88, 0.89) |
0.972 | −0.49 (−0.96, 0.69) |
0.293 | −0.27 (−0.93, 0.80) |
0.609 | 0.48 (−0.70, 0.96) |
0.296 | −0.25 (−0.93, 0.81) |
0.622 | |
| 2 | 0.36 (−0.77, 0.94) |
0.332 | 0.50 (−0.68, 0.96) |
0.201 | 0.03 (−0.88, 0.89) |
0.933 | −0.11 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.761 | 0.23 (−0.82, 0.92) |
0.556 | |
| 3 | −0.08 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.749 | −0.19 (−0.92, 0.83) |
0.485 | −0.12 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.704 | −0.27 (−0.93, 0.80) |
0.354 | 0.13 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.66 | |
| 4 | 0.11 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.483 | 0.08 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.643 | −0.01 (−0.88, 0.88) |
0.963 | 0.14 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.433 | −0.15 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.41 | |
| Lampang | 0 | −0.82 (−0.99, 0.22) |
0.604 | 0.58 (−0.62, 0.97) |
0.696 | 0.81 (−0.24, 0.99) |
0.748 | 0.20 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.677 | 0.79 (−0.31, 0.99) |
0.739 |
| 1 | −0.19 (−0.92, 0.83) |
0.645 | 0.07 (−0.87, 0.90) |
0.866 | −0.10 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.801 | −0.53 (−0.96, 0.66) |
0.214 | −0.56 (−0.97, 0.64) |
0.138 | |
| 2 | 0.31 (−0.79, 0.94) |
0.361 | −0.02 (−0.89, 0.88) |
0.957 | −0.08 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.832 | −0.34 (−0.94, 0.78) |
0.39 | −0.18 (−0.92, 0.84) |
0.675 | |
| 3 | 0.09 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.733 | −0.35 (−0.94, 0.77) |
0.229 | −0.26 (−0.93, 0.81) |
0.392 | 0.08 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.809 | −0.21 (−0.92, 0.83) |
0.477 | |
| 4 |
0.33
(−0.78, 0.94) |
0.0410* | −0.17 (−0.92, 0.84) |
0.374 | −0.22 (−0.92, 0.82) |
0.199 | 0.22 (−0.82, 0.92) |
0.244 | 0.27 (−0.80, 0.93) |
0.13 | |
| Phrae | 0 | 0.17 (−0.84, 0.92) |
0.816 | 0.82 (−0.22, 0.99) |
0.782 | −0.46 (−0.96, 0.71) |
0.573 | 0.26 (−0.81, 0.93) |
0.762 | 0.12 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.786 |
| 1 | 0.00 (−0.88, 0.88) |
1 | −0.13 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.734 | −0.16 (−0.91, 0.84) |
0.729 | −0.58 (−0.97, 0.62) |
0.201 | −0.63 (−0.97, 0.57) |
0.136 | |
| 2 | 0.21 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.598 | −0.05 (−0.89, 0.87) |
0.892 | 0.05 (−0.87, 0.89) |
0.897 | −0.26 (−0.93, 0.81) |
0.526 | −0.11 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.758 | |
| 3 | 0.05 (−0.87, 0.89) |
0.854 | 0.02 (−0.88, 0.89) |
0.919 | −0.09 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.737 | 0.01 (−0.88, 0.88) |
0.958 | 0.08 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.785 | |
| 4 | 0.01 (−0.88, 0.88) |
0.939 | −0.14 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.433 | 0.12 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.538 | 0.25 (−0.81, 0.93) |
0.212 | 0.17 (−0.84, 0.91) |
0.382 | |
| Nan | 0 | −0.48 (−0.96, 0.69) |
0.64 | 0.94 (0.33, 1.00) |
0.56 | 0.59 (−0.61, 0.97) |
0.577 | 0.77 (−0.35, 0.98) |
0.708 | 0.76 (−0.38, 0.98) |
0.622 |
| 1 | −0.12 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.806 | 0.22 (−0.82, 0.92) |
0.59 | −0.17 (−0.92, 0.84) |
0.69 | −0.30 (−0.94, 0.79) |
0.494 | −0.16 (−0.91, 0.84) |
0.721 | |
| 2 | 0.37 (−0.76, 0.94) |
0.334 | −0.21 (−0.92, 0.83) |
0.547 | 0.10 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.787 | −0.09 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.819 | −0.09 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.823 | |
| 3 | 0.20 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.473 | −0.03 (−0.89, 0.87) |
0.896 | 0.12 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.664 | −0.11 (−0.90, 0.85) |
0.695 | −0.12 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.675 | |
| 4 | 0.13 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.468 |
−0.44
(−0.95, 0.72) |
0.0080* | −0.25 (−0.93, 0.81) |
0.199 | 0.09 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.653 | 0.07 (−0.87, 0.90) |
0.607 | |
| Phayao | 0 | −0.48 (−0.96, 0.70) |
0.714 | 0.53 (−0.67, 0.96) |
0.702 | 0.72 (−0.45, 0.98) |
0.727 | −0.47 (−0.96, 0.71) |
0.66 | −0.37 (−0.94, 0.76) |
0.72 |
| 1 | 0.13 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.771 | −0.21 (−0.92, 0.82) |
0.625 | −0.19 (−0.92, 0.83) |
0.658 | 0.16 (−0.84, 0.91) |
0.755 | 0.14 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.745 | |
| 2 | 0.36 (−0.77, 0.94) |
0.291 | −0.27 (−0.93, 0.80) |
0.466 | −0.30 (−0.93, 0.79) |
0.406 | −0.22 (−0.92, 0.82) |
0.591 | −0.11 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.767 | |
| 3 | 0.02 (−0.88, 0.89) |
0.938 | −0.02 (−0.89, 0.88) |
0.916 | 0.01 (−0.88, 0.88) |
0.98 | 0.33 (−0.78, 0.94) |
0.263 | 0.25 (−0.81, 0.93) |
0.41 | |
| 4 | 0.12 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.502 | −0.09 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.547 | −0.11 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.472 | 0.04 (−0.87, 0.89) |
0.782 | 0.03 (−0.88, 0.89) |
0.817 | |
| Lamphun | 0 | −0.38 (−0.95, 0.76) |
0.875 | 0.64 (−0.55, 0.97) |
0.676 | −0.38 (−0.95, 0.76) |
0.684 | 0.58 (−0.62, 0.97) |
0.559 | −0.11 (−0.90, 0.86) |
0.811 |
| 1 | 0.13 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.739 | −0.18 (−0.92, 0.84) |
0.708 | 0.25 (−0.81, 0.93) |
0.636 | −0.55 (−0.96, 0.65) |
0.216 | −0.67 (−0.98, 0.52) |
0.154 | |
| 2 | 0.25 (−0.81, 0.93) |
0.493 | −0.33 (−0.94, 0.78) |
0.36 | 0.29 (−0.80, 0.93) |
0.403 | −0.48 (−0.96, 0.70) |
0.209 | 0.19 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.639 | |
| 3 | 0.09 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.729 | −0.15 (−0.91, 0.84) |
0.582 | 0.13 (−0.85, 0.91) |
0.611 | 0.10 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.692 | 0.29 (−0.80, 0.93) |
0.308 | |
| 4 | 0.05 (−0.87, 0.89) |
0.693 | −0.07 (−0.90, 0.87) |
0.656 | 0.04 (−0.87, 0.89) |
0.816 | 0.17 (−0.84, 0.91) |
0.372 | −0.13 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.514 | |
| Mae Hong Son | 0 | −0.23 (−0.92, 0.82) |
0.594 | 0.76 (−0.37, 0.98) |
0.657 | 0.04 (−0.87, 0.89) |
0.916 | −0.78 (−0.99, 0.32) |
0.697 | 0.53 (−0.66, 0.96) |
0.88 |
| 1 | −0.44 (−0.95, 0.72) |
0.37 | 0.24 (−0.81, 0.93) |
0.587 | 0.40 (−0.75, 0.95) |
0.358 | 0.18 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.664 | 0.43 (−0.73, 0.95) |
0.321 | |
| 2 | 0.53 (−0.66, 0.96) |
0.175 | 0.03 (−0.87, 0.89) |
0.931 | 0.34 (−0.77, 0.94) |
0.348 | 0.21 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.582 | 0.33 (−0.78, 0.94) |
0.334 | |
| 3 | −0.14 (−0.91, 0.85) |
0.638 | 0.19 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.455 | 0.07 (−0.87, 0.90) |
0.814 | 0.28 (−0.80, 0.93) |
0.342 |
-0.50
(−0.96, 0.68) |
0.0440* | |
| 4 | 0.19 (−0.83, 0.92) |
0.367 |
-0.61
(−0.97, 0.59) |
0.0050* | −0.37 (−0.94, 0.76) |
0.054 | 0.08 (−0.86, 0.90) |
0.656 | −0.17 (−0.92, 0.84) |
0.299 | |
Notes.
*
Values in bold with an asterisk (*) indicate statistically significant results (p < 0.05).