Table 2.
Summary of the effects of various metals/metalloids in vivo models on Nrf2 signaling and its interrelation with oxidative stress parameters.
| Metals/Metalloids | Experimental model | Dose | Duration | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic | Swiss albino mice | 20 mg/kg bw/day | 2-week | ↓ sperm motility, ↑ accumulation in kidney and liver, ↓ (SOD, GSH, GST), ↑ (LPO, PCC, CAT, Nrf2) | [54] |
| Arsenic | Kunming mice | (10,50, 100) mg/L | 6 weeks | ↑ (ALT, AST, MDA), ↓ (GSH, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1) | [108] |
| Arsenic | C57BL/6 mice | 10 mg/kg bw/day | 14 days | ↑ (ALT, AST, MDA), ↓ (Nrf2, NQO1) | [109] |
| Arsenic | Swiss albino mice | 10 mg/kg | 3 months | ↑ accumulation in lungs, ↑ (ROS, LPO, PCC, Bax/Bcl2), ↓ (SOD, CAT, GST, GR and GPx, Nrf2, HO-1, SOD2) | [66] |
| Arsenic | Sprague Dawley rats | 5 mg/kg | 7 days | ↑ (ALT, AST, ALP, MDA, ROS), ↓ (CAT, SOD, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1) | [67] |
| Arsenic | ICR mice | 5 mg/kg | 7 days | ↑ (ALT, AST, MDA, ROS, Cleaved-Cas 3, 9, p53, CytC, Bax/Bcl-2, Cas 3, 9), ↓ (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, TSH, GSH, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1) | [68] |
| Chromium | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | 2 mg/L | 1, 7, 15, 30, 60 days | ↑ (GSH, MDA, CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, Bax, Cas 9, Cas 3, AChE), ↓ (Bcl2) | [76] |
| Chromium | Wistar rats | 17 mg/kg bw | 12 and 24 h for 3 days | ↑ (ALT, AST, LDH, LPO, ROS), ↓ (SOD, CAT, GPx, Nrf2) | [77] |
| Chromium | Wild-type zebrafish | 2 mg/L | 1, 7, 15, 30, 60 days | ↑ (ROS, GSH, MDA, CAT, Nrf2, Cyp1a, Cu/Zn SOD, ↓ (HO-1, Hsp 70, Ucp2) | [78] |
| Chromium | Swiss albino mice | 75 ppm | 30 days | ↑ (PCC, MDA), ↓ (GSH, SOD, GST, TT, CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1) | [56] |
| Chromium | Swiss albino mice | Cr-75 ppm + As-100 ppm in combination | 15 days | ↑ (PCC, MDA), ↓ (GSH, SOD, GST, TT, Nrf2, AChE, BChE) | [55] |
| Chromium | Broilers | 37 mg/kg bw | 42 days | ↑ (ALT, AST, MDA, Beclin 1, p62), ↓ (GSH, SOD, GPx-1, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, mTOR) | [79] |
| Chromium | Wistar rats | 4 mg/kg | 35 days | ↓ (AMPK, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, Bcl2), ↑ (NF-kβ, Cleaved Cas 3, p53) | [51] |
| Mercury | Kunming mice | 5 mg/kg | At 24th hr once | ↑ (MPO, MDA, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, Bax, Cas3), ↓ (GSH, SOD, Bcl2, Nrf2, HO-1) | [83] |
| Mercury | Wistar rats | 80 mg/L | 56 days | ↑ (Hg accumulation in blood and heart, MDA, TNFα, Cleaved Cas 3, p53, Bax), ↓ (GSH,Nrf2, HO-1,NQO1, Bcl2, P-AKT) | [25] |
| Cadmium | Zebrafish | Adult (0, 11, and 110) μg/L Embryo (0, 562 and 2810) μg/L |
Adult (24 h) Embryo (3 h) |
↑ (GstPi, GCLC, HO-1, Prdx1, Nrf2) | [87] |
| Cadmium | C57BL/6 mice | 2 and 7 mg/kg | 4 and 8 weeks | ↑ (NLRP3, Asc, Cas 1, Gsdmd, IL-1β, and IL-18, Keap 1), ↓ (Nrf2) | [88] |
| Cadmium | Swiss albino mice | 6.5 mg/kg | 7 days | ↓ (LH, FSH, GPx, SOD, CAT, GR, Nrf2, Bcl2), ↑ (IL-1β, TNFα, Cas 3, Bax) | [89] |
| Cobalt | Wistar rats | 50 mM | Once/10 days | ↑ (HIF1α, NOX2), ↓ (Nrf2) | [96] |
| Cobalt | Wistar rats | 4 mg/kg | 20 days | ↑ (MDA, Cas 9), ↓ (Nrf2, HO-1) | [97] |
| Lead | Sprague Dawley rats | 200 ppm | 8 weeks | ↑ (Bax/Bcl2), ↓ (Nrf2, CAT, Mn-SOD) | [99] |
| Lead | Wistar albino rats | 20 mg/kg | 7 days | ↑ (Pb accumulation, LPO, NO, IL-1β, TNFα, iNOS, Bax, Cas3), ↓ (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, GR, Nrf2, HO-1, Bcl2) | [101] |
| Lead | Wistar rats | 20 mg/kg | 7 days | ↓ (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, Nrf2, HO-1, Bcl2), ↑ (Pb accumulation, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, Bax, Cas 3) | [52] |
| Lead | ICR mice | 250 mg/L | 4 weeks | ↑ (MDA, Cas 3, Cyt C, TNFα, COX2, NF-kβ), ↓ (SOD, TAC, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, Bcl2) | [102] |
ALP- Alkaline phosphatase.
LDH- lactate dehydrogenase.
ICR- Institute of Cancer Research.
Ucp2-Uncoupling protein 2.
AChE- Acetylcholinesterase.
BChE- Butyrylcholinesterase.
mTOR- Mammalian target of rapamycin.
MPO- Myeloperoxidase.
Asc - Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein.
Gsdmd - Cleaves gasdermin D.