Table 3.
Summary of the therapeutic implications of Nrf2 signaling in heavy metals -induced oxidative stress.
| S.No. | Environmental toxicant and experimental model | Treatment and Dose | Duration | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Chromium exposed mice | CoQ10- 10 mg/kg, BCA- 50 mg/kg, PHL- 50 mg/kg |
30 days | ↓ (PCC, MDA), ↑ (GSH, SOD, GST, TT, CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1) |
[56] |
| 2. | Cadmium exposed rats | Quercetin-25 mg/kg | 28 days | Modulation in Nrf2/ARE signaling resulting in controlled NMDA-R and PI3K/AKT cell signaling. | [119] |
| 3. | Arsenic treatment in PC12 cells | Curcumin (2.5 μM) | Pretreatment | ↑ (mTOR, Akt, Nrf2, ERK1, Bcl-x) ↓ (ULK, LC3, p53, Bax, Cyt C, Cas 9, cleaved Cas 3) |
[122] |
| 4. | Chromium and Arsenic exposed mice | CoQ10- 10 mg/kg, BCA- 50 mg/kg, PHL- 50 mg/kg |
15 days | ↓ (PCC, MDA), ↑ (GSH, SOD, GST, TT, Nrf2, AChE, BChE) |
[55] |
| 5. | Arsenic exposed mice | BCA-50 mg/kg, PHL-50 mg/kg, EGCG-40 mg/kg | 2 weeks | ↓ (PCC, MDA), ↑ (GSH, SOD, GST, TT, Nrf2) |
[54] |
| 6. | Lead exposed mice | Ferulic acid-50 mg/kg | 31 days | ↓ (MDA), ↑ (SOD, GSH, glutamate cysteine ligase, Nrf2, HO-1) |
[124] |
| 7. | Silver nanoparticles exposed mice | Naringenin- 25, 50, 100 mg/kg | 3 days | ↓ (WBC, Neutrophil, lymphocyte), ↑ (Nrf2, HO-1) |
[125] |
| 8. | Silver nanoparticles exposed Human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells | Naringenin- 25, 50, 100 μM | Post-treatment | ↓ (Bax, CytC, cleaved Cas 9, cleaved Cas 3) ↑ (Bcl2, Nrf2, HO-1) |
[125] |
| 9. | Lead exposed mice | Mangiferin-50, 100, or 200 mg/kg | 4 weeks | ↑ (Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, γ-GCS) | [126] |
| 10. | Arsenic trioxide exposed mice | Hesperidin-100, 300 mg/kg | 1 week | ↓ (CK, LDH, cTnI, ROS, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, Bax, Cas 9, cleaved Cas 3, Keap1) ↑ (SOD, GSH, CAT, Bcl-2, p62 and Nrf2) |
[127] |
| 11. | Lead exposed mice | Cordyceps militaris (CEP-I)-50, 100, or 200 mg/kg | 4 weeks | ↓ (MDA), ↑ (SOD, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, Keap 1) |
[129] |
| 12. | Cadmium exposed TM3 cells | Sulforaphane- 0, 1.25, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μmol/L | 24 h | ↓ (MDA, ROS), ↑ (T-SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, Nrf2, GSH-Px, HO-1, NQO1, γ-GCS) |
[131] |
| 13. | Cadmium exposed mice | Sulforaphane-10 mg/kg | 10 days | ↓ (MDA), ↑ (T-SOD, GSH, Nrf2, GSH-Px, HO-1, NQO1, γ-GCS) |
[132] |
| 14. | Cadmium exposed rats | Vitamin E−100 mg/kg | 4 weeks | ↓ (ALT, AST, accumulation of Cd) ↑ (Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, GCLC, GCLM and GST) |
[133] |
| 15. | Lead exposed rats | Vitamin D-1000 IU/kg | 4 weeks | ↓ (MDA, ROS), ↑ (SOD, GSH, CAT, Nrf2) |
[134] |
| 16. | Arsenic trioxide exposed Chang liver cells | Ascorbic acid-100 μM αTocopherol-50 μM | 48 h | ↓ (MDA), ↑ (Nrf2, Bcl2) |
[72] |
CK- creatine kinase.
LDH- lactate dehydrogenase.
cTnI- cardiac troponin I.
8-OHdG- 8 hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine.
ULK- unc-51-like kinase 1.
LC3- Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3.