Table 1.

WHO Pain Ladder-based Trauma Pain Management (8).

Pain Assessment	Methods	Results	Action
Mild	VAS	1-3	paracetamol, NSAIDs, cold/hot compresses
Moderate	VAS	4-6	cold/hot compresses, tramadol, pethidine
Severe	VAS	7-10	fentanyl, morphine, ketamine
Reassessment	Reassess every 5 minutes if severe pain, otherwise reassess every 3 hours. Evidence of adverse effects should preclude further drug administration

VAS: Visual Analogue Scale, NSAIDS: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs