Fig. 1.

Study schematic. Schematic diagram showing the study design. CMM: cardiometabolic multimorbidity; CMM(+)/depression (+): both CMM and depression; CMM(+)/depression (−): CMM but no depression; CMM(−)/depression (+): depression but no CMM; and CMM(−)/depression (−): neither depression nor CMM; IPD: individual participant data; COSMIC: Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium. In summary, we first conducted IPD meta analyses in each step (from cross-sectional to interaction analyses), and then replicated the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses via same analytical procedure using 3 Asian studies for external validation.