Table 2.
Baseline characteristics.
| COSMICa studies |
External validation studies |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of contributing studies | Overall (N = 30,382) | Community-based (N = 911) | Memory clinic (N = 422) | Post-stroke (N = 318) | |
| Age | 14 | 72.8 (7.3) | 69.8 (6.3) | 71.6 (7.9) | 59.4 (11.1) |
| Sex, female | 14 | 18,584 (61.2%) | 459 (50.4%) | 227 (53.8%) | 94 (29.6%) |
| Race | 13 | ||||
| White (COSMIC)/Chinese (external) | 15,662 (51.6%) | 293 (32.2%) | 364 (86.3%) | 228 (71.7%) | |
| Black (COSMIC)/Malay (external) | 8683 (28.6%) | 296 (32.5%) | 25 (5.9%) | 61 (19.2%) | |
| Asian (COSMIC)/Indian (external) | 2710 (8.9%) | 322 (35.3%) | 28 (6.6%) | 26 (8.2%) | |
| Others (COSMIC)/Others (external) | 1416 (4.7%) | 0 | 5 (1.2%) | 3 (0.9%) | |
| Education, years | 14 | 7.5 (5.5) | 7.5 (4.8) | 8.1 (5.1) | 7.8 (3.1) |
| Smoking, current | 14 | 6957 (22.9%) | 257 (28.2%) | 34 (8.1%) | 85 (26.7%) |
| Drinking, current | 14 | 9625 (31.7%) | 15 (6.4%) | 44 (10.4%) | 120 (37.7%) |
| Individual CMDb s | |||||
| Hypertension | 14 | 16,591 (54.6%) | 731 (80.2%) | 267 (63.3%) | 224 (70.4%) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 11 | 6137 (20.2%) | 692 (76.0%) | 295 (69.9%) | 243 (76.4%) |
| Diabetes | 14 | 4895 (16.1%) | 335 (36.8%) | 115 (27.3%) | 125 (39.3%) |
| Stroke | 14 | 1776 (5.8%) | 43 (4.7%) | 117 (27.7%) | 318 (100.0%) |
| Heart disease | 14 | 6489 (21.4%) | 94 (10.3%) | 82 (19.4%) | 96 (30.2%) |
| Depression | 14 | 6177 (20.3%) | 76 (8.3%) | 56 (13.3%) | 103 (32.4%) |
| CMM5c | 11 | 7462 (24.6%) | 258 (28.3%) | 272 (64.5%) | 294 (92.5%) |
| CMM3d | 14 | 2390 (7.9%) | 63 (6.9%) | 75 (17.8%) | 186 (58.5%) |
| Co-occurrence of CMM5 and depression | 11 | ||||
| CMM5 (−)/depression (−) | 9374 (30.9%) | 595 (65.3%) | 129 (30.6%) | 16 (5.0%) | |
| CMM5 (+)/depression (−) | 5406 (17.8%) | 240 (26.3%) | 233 (55.2%) | 199 (62.6%) | |
| CMM5 (−)/depression (+) | 2298 (7.6%) | 58 (6.4%) | 16 (3.8%) | 8 (2.5%) | |
| CMM5 (+)/depression (+) | 2056 (6.8%) | 18 (2.0%) | 38 (9.0%) | 95 (29.9%) | |
| Co-occurrence of CMM3 and depression | 14 | ||||
| CMM3 (−)/depression (−) | 22,488 (74.0%) | 780 (85.6%) | 308 (73.0%) | 96 (30.2%) | |
| CMM3 (+)/depression (−) | 1717 (5.7%) | 55 (6.0%) | 56 (13.3%) | 119 (37.4%) | |
| CMM3 (−)/depression (+) | 5504 (18.1%) | 68 (7.5%) | 37 (8.8%) | 36 (11.3%) | |
| CMM3 (+)/depression (+) | 673 (2.2%) | 8 (0.9%) | 19 (4.5%) | 67 (21.1%) | |
| APOE ε4 carriere, yes | 11 | 3728 (12.3%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Global cognitive z-score | 14 | 0.1 (1.0) | −2.6 (2.2) | −1.4 (1.7) | 0.1 (1.0) |
a
COSMIC: Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium.
b
CMD: Cardiometabolic disease.
c
CMM5: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity, defined as having two or more CMDs including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, stroke, and heart disease.
d
CMM3: An alternative definition of CMM, defined as having two or more CMDs including diabetes, stroke, and heart disease.
e
APOE: apolipoprotein E genotype.