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The process of the current Mendelian randomization (MR) study; Assumption 1: IVs must exhibit a significant association with exposure factors but not with outcomes; Assumption 2: IVs are independent of all potential confounders of exposure and outcome; Assumption 3: IVs can only influence outcomes through exposure factors; Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier; MR, Mendelian randomization.
