Table 1.
Mendelian randomization results from complementary analytical models.
| Air pollution | Outcome | MR egger | Weighted median | Constrained maximum likelihood | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | ||
| PM2.5 | Lung function | ||||||
| FEV1 | 0.897 (0.769–1.045) | 0.171 | 0.935 (0.852–1.027) | 0.163 | 0.935 (0.871–1.003) | 0.061 | |
| FVC | 0.963 (0.823–1.126) | 0.638 | 0.955 (0.872–1.047) | 0.330 | 0.963 (0.896–1.034) | 0.296 | |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.810 (0.692–0.948) | 0.012* | 0.967 (0.912–1.092) | 0.894 | 0.957 (0.893–1.026) | 0.218 | |
| CRDs | |||||||
| Asthma | 1.061 (0.810–1.390) | 0.670 | 1.120 (0.918–1.366) | 0.263 | 1.006 (0.873–1.159) | 0.934 | |
| COPD | 1.085 (0.753–1.564) | 0.664 | 1.158 (0.853–1.573) | 0.347 | 1.270 (1.033–1.561) | 0.023* | |
| IPF | 0.975 (0.346–2.741) | 0.961 | 0.689 (0.308–1.541) | 0.364 | 0.711 (0.393–1.289) | 0.261 | |
| PM10 | Lung function | ||||||
| FEV1 | 0.964 (0.897–1.037) | 0.331 | 0.946 (0.901–0.994) | 0.027* | 0.932 (0.897–0.967) | 2.22 × 10–4*** | |
| FVC | 0.981 (0.911–1.056) | 0.602 | 0.955 (0.910–1.002) | 0.059 | 0.941 (0.907–0.976) | 0.001** | |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.961 (0.893–1.034) | 0.287 | 0.960 (0.917–1.005) | 0.081 | 0.964 (0.928–1.001) | 0.058 | |
| CRDs | |||||||
| Asthma | 1.011 (0.858–1.192) | 0.894 | 1.014 (0.909–1.131) | 0.801 | 1.006 (0.927–1.091) | 0.886 | |
| COPD | 0.904 (0.716–1.143) | 0.400 | 1.002 (0.861–1.167) | 0.978 | 1.013 (0.910–1.127) | 0.819 | |
| IPF | 1.292 (0.659–2.533) | 0.456 | 1.160 (0.766–1.758) | 0.484 | 1.078 (0.773–1.504) | 0.657 | |
| NO2 | Lung function | ||||||
| FEV1 | 0.973 (0.867–1.092) | 0.642 | 0.962 (0.891–1.039) | 0.329 | 0.969 (0.921–1.020) | 0.229 | |
| FVC | 1.006 (0.896–1.131) | 0.914 | 1.013 (0.941–1.090) | 0.740 | 1.008 (0.953–1.067) | 0.771 | |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.946 (0.845–1.060) | 0.344 | 0.947 (0.879–1.019) | 0.146 | 0.943 (0.892–0.996) | 0.035* | |
| CRDs | |||||||
| Asthma | 1.013 (0.810–1.267) | 0.911 | 1.073 (0.912–1.263) | 0.394 | 1.092 (0.965–1.192) | 1.238 | |
| COPD | 1.412 (1.022–1.950) | 0.040* | 1.261 (1.001–1.590) | 0.049* | 1.366 (1.143–1.634) | 6.29 × 10–4*** | |
| IPF | 1.198 (0.478–3.002) | 0.701 | 1.307 (0.682–2.505) | 0.419 | 1.150 (0.739–1.790) | 0.536 | |
CI, confidence intervals are calculated using effect size ± z * SE, where the z-value is usually taken to be 1.96 corresponding to a 95% confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PM, particulate matter; NO2, nitrogen oxides; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; CRDs, chronic respiratory disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.