. 2024 Sep 9;12:1438974. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1438974

Table 1.

Mendelian randomization results from complementary analytical models.

Air pollution	Outcome	MR egger		Weighted median		Constrained maximum likelihood
Air pollution	Outcome	OR (95%CI)	p-value	OR (95%CI)	P-value	OR (95%CI)	P-value
PM_2.5	Lung function
	FEV₁	0.897 (0.769–1.045)	0.171	0.935 (0.852–1.027)	0.163	0.935 (0.871–1.003)	0.061
	FVC	0.963 (0.823–1.126)	0.638	0.955 (0.872–1.047)	0.330	0.963 (0.896–1.034)	0.296
	FEV₁/FVC	0.810 (0.692–0.948)	0.012^*	0.967 (0.912–1.092)	0.894	0.957 (0.893–1.026)	0.218
	CRDs
	Asthma	1.061 (0.810–1.390)	0.670	1.120 (0.918–1.366)	0.263	1.006 (0.873–1.159)	0.934
	COPD	1.085 (0.753–1.564)	0.664	1.158 (0.853–1.573)	0.347	1.270 (1.033–1.561)	0.023^*
	IPF	0.975 (0.346–2.741)	0.961	0.689 (0.308–1.541)	0.364	0.711 (0.393–1.289)	0.261
PM₁₀	Lung function
	FEV₁	0.964 (0.897–1.037)	0.331	0.946 (0.901–0.994)	0.027^*	0.932 (0.897–0.967)	2.22 × 10^–4***
	FVC	0.981 (0.911–1.056)	0.602	0.955 (0.910–1.002)	0.059	0.941 (0.907–0.976)	0.001^**
	FEV₁/FVC	0.961 (0.893–1.034)	0.287	0.960 (0.917–1.005)	0.081	0.964 (0.928–1.001)	0.058
	CRDs
	Asthma	1.011 (0.858–1.192)	0.894	1.014 (0.909–1.131)	0.801	1.006 (0.927–1.091)	0.886
	COPD	0.904 (0.716–1.143)	0.400	1.002 (0.861–1.167)	0.978	1.013 (0.910–1.127)	0.819
	IPF	1.292 (0.659–2.533)	0.456	1.160 (0.766–1.758)	0.484	1.078 (0.773–1.504)	0.657
NO₂	Lung function
	FEV₁	0.973 (0.867–1.092)	0.642	0.962 (0.891–1.039)	0.329	0.969 (0.921–1.020)	0.229
	FVC	1.006 (0.896–1.131)	0.914	1.013 (0.941–1.090)	0.740	1.008 (0.953–1.067)	0.771
	FEV₁/FVC	0.946 (0.845–1.060)	0.344	0.947 (0.879–1.019)	0.146	0.943 (0.892–0.996)	0.035^*
	CRDs
	Asthma	1.013 (0.810–1.267)	0.911	1.073 (0.912–1.263)	0.394	1.092 (0.965–1.192)	1.238
	COPD	1.412 (1.022–1.950)	0.040^*	1.261 (1.001–1.590)	0.049^*	1.366 (1.143–1.634)	6.29 × 10^–4***
	IPF	1.198 (0.478–3.002)	0.701	1.307 (0.682–2.505)	0.419	1.150 (0.739–1.790)	0.536

CI, confidence intervals are calculated using effect size ± z * SE, where the z-value is usually taken to be 1.96 corresponding to a 95% confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PM, particulate matter; NO2, nitrogen oxides; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; CRDs, chronic respiratory disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001.