Table 1.

Sex- and Gender-Related Terms Used in this Manuscript

Term/expression	Meaning and context in this manuscript
Sex differences	Differences between two groups: females and males. These groups may not be defined biologically or by gender identity, often because appropriate data are lacking, i.e. there may not be information about sex chromosomes.
Biological sex effects	Objective measures of biological factors related to sex, such as sex chromosomes, sex hormones, reproductive organs and history, menopause, and puberty.
Sex assigned at birth	Sex is assigned at birth, typically by a physician according to observed physiological organs.
Binary sex	The categorization of individuals to male and female sex, typically with the intention to reflect underlying binary biological sex. Historically, binary sex definitions may not be accurate as individuals may be categorized into binary sex groups without an explicit check of the biological definition of sex chromosomes, and are categorized instead based on gender identity or perceived gender. In research that does not focus on sex and/or gender minorities, Individuals may be excluded from analyses focusing on binary sex.
Gender dimensions	Barr et al. [8] described four gender dimensions that relate to health: identity and expression; roles and norms; relations; and power.
Gender identity	A person’s sense of their own gender. In this study, we do not have data about self-reported gender identity.
Gendered environment	The idea is that individuals of different gender expressions experience the world differently through differences in the environment available to them. This is reflected in differences in the distribution of demographic and sociocultural measures between individuals of different sexes assigned at birth (here focus on males and females).