FIGURE 3.

The mechanisms of low or oscillatory shear stress on increased endothelial permeability by impairing glycocalyx integrity, cytoskeletal arrangement and cell-cell junctions (such as, adherens junctions, tight junctions and gap junctions). 1) Low or oscillatory shear stress increases endothelial permeability by regulating core proteins of glycocalyx and key elements of cytoskeleton and cell-cell junctions (adherens junctions and tight junctions). 2) Low or oscillatory shear stress increases endothelial permeability by regulating PAK/NF-κB signaling, RhoA signaling, JNK signaling pathways and so on.