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. 2024 Sep 13;10(18):e37917. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37917

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Synergic anticancer effect of sodium citrate and gemcitabine. (A) Cell viability in MIA CaPa-2 cells following treatment with 0 or 10 mM sodium citrate and 0, 10, or 100 nM gemcitabine. The experiment was conducted in triplicate with multiple replicates. Results are presented as the mean ± SD; ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. (B) Representative spheroids after treatment with 0 or 10 mM sodium citrate and 0, 10, or 100 nM gemcitabine for 72 h, analyzed using an inverted microscope. Scale bar: 100 μm. (C) The relative change in spheroid size (n = 3 in each of the three independent experiments) was estimated using Olympus CellSens software. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. (D) Migration assay using MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with 0 or 10 mM sodium citrate and 0, 10, or 100 nM gemcitabine for 24 h. The experiment was independently performed in a triplicate. (E) Quantification of migrated cells of (D). The data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. MIA CaPa-2, a pancreatic cancer cell line; SD, standard deviation.