Table 1.

Comparative analysis of existing biogas and electricity generation technologies.

Technology	Advantages	Limitations	References
Anaerobic digestion	Renewable energy production Waste management Carbon neutrality Substrate flexibility By-product utilization	High initial investment Complex operation and maintenance Digestion efficiency and stability Digestate management	[2,3]
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)	CHP systems are highly efficient Energy savings CHP systems contribute to greenhouse Gas emission reduction Fuel flexibility	High initial investment Complexities in system sizing, control, and operation Maintenance requirements Heat demand matching	[4]
Gasification	Gasification can utilize a wide range of feedstocks High energy conversion efficiencies Cleaner fuel production Potential for carbon capture and utilization	Complexity and cost Feedstock quality and handling Gas cleanup and tar management Scale and integration challenges	[5]
Microbial fuel cells	The generation of renewable electricity from a wide range of organic substrates. MFCs can simultaneously treat organic waste while generating electricity. MFCs have relatively low operating costs compared to traditional wastewater treatment technologies. MFCs can facilitate the recovery of valuable resources from organic waste, such as nutrients and metals.	MFCs typically exhibit lower power densities compared to other renewable energy technologies. Slow start-up and response times MFC systems can be complex to design, construct, and maintain, requiring careful attention to electrode materials, microbial inoculation, and system optimization. Limited substrate utilization MFC performance is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and salinity, which can impact microbial activity and electrode kinetics	[6]