Table 2.

Measurement tools used to assess sleep quality and medication adherence.

	Measurement Tools	Description	Studies
Sleep Quality	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Nineteen items assessing subjective sleep quality over the past month. The determinants include duration, quality, sleep disturbances, latency, use of sleep medications, and the impact of sleep on daily life.	[23,24,26,28,29,30]
	Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)	Eight items on the subjective assessment of daytime sleepiness and propensity to fall asleep during the day.	[22,24,26]
	Four-item Likert scale	Four items that estimate the subjective impact of the chronic condition on sleep (from mild to very significant).	[25]
	Four-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS-SD)	Four items for a multidimensional and subjective assessment of sleep quality. Determinants include sleep disturbances and daytime sleepiness.	[30]
	Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)	Seven levels expressing the subjective level of sleepiness at a specific moment (from “completely awake” to “asleep”).	[26]
	Insomnia Severity Index	Seven items to assess the subjective severity of insomnia. Determinants include difficulty falling asleep, sleep maintenance, early morning awakening, and daytime functioning.	[24]
	Beck Depression Inventory	Twenty-one items to assess the severity of depression. Determinants include loss of interest in activities, changes in sleep, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, etc.	[27]
	Clinical Interview Scheduled Revised (CIS-R)	Clinical interview to investigate psychiatric symptoms. Domains include depressive symptoms, sleep disturbances, eating disorders, etc.	[22]
	Actigraphy	A technique used to assess the objective quality of sleep through body movement analysis and nocturnal activity pattern studies.	[22,24]
Medication Adherence	Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4)	Four items assessing patient behaviour regarding medication intake in terms of frequency and consistency of intake.	[22]
	Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale (ARMS)	Assesses patient behaviour during medication therapy, including adherence to medical prescriptions.	[25]
	Medication Monitoring System (MEMS)	An electronic system capable of recording the time and date of opening/closing of the container containing the medication to be taken.	[26]
	Drug Burden Index (DBI)	A tool that estimates the adverse effects of multiple drugs on the individual.	[28]
	Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5)	Five items to assess adherence to pharmacological therapy. Determinants include frequency and appropriateness of administration, therapy discontinuation, and communication with the doctor about the treatment to be taken.	[27]
	Ask-12 Medication Survey	Twelve items to assess adherence to pharmacological therapy. Determinants include frequency and appropriateness of administration, problems in medication intake, and communication with the doctor about the treatment to be taken.	[30]
	Medication intake interview	Interview on medication intake habits to promote sleep.	[29]
	Physiological parameters	Adaptation of pharmacological therapy based on physiological indicators, such as body mass index, systemic blood pressure, triglyceride level, etc.	[24]