Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of HGS and some selected anthropometric characteristics in female volleyball players and controls.
| Variables | Controls (n = 40) |
Volleyball Players (n = 42) |
Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Height (cm) + | 158.02 (6.02) | 179.04 (12.0) † | 2.46 |
| Body weight (kg) | 57.21 (7.62) | 71.12 (9.8) † | 1.57 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.81 (2.91) | 22.73 (2.3) | |
| Body fat (%) | 25.23 (5.82) | 22.22 (4.3) * | 0.61 |
| Body water (%) + | 52.01 (2.71) | 53.11 (3.0) * | 0.01 |
| Dominant upper limb | |||
| Upper arm length (cm) | 30.01 (1.21) | 34.51 (2.21) † | 2.40 |
| Forearm length (cm) | 23.44 (1.22) | 25.84 (1.91) † | 1.49 |
| Elbow diameter (cm) | 6.21 (0.32) | 6.21 (0.42) | |
| Wrist diameter (cm) | 5.35 (0.31) | 5.23 (0.33) | |
| Hand length (cm) + | 17.01 (1.02) | 19.01 (1.52) † | 1.29 |
| Hand breadth (cm) + | 7.32 (0.53) | 7.53 (0.33) * | 0.43 |
| Hand length-breadth ratio + | 9.22 (0.52) | 9.34 (0.52) | |
| Hand shape index + | 38.92 (3.54) | 43.54 (2.63) † | 2.0 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 26.11 (3.92) | 32.21 (6.31) † | 1.13 |
| Non-dominant upper limb | |||
| Upper arm length (cm) | 29.81 (1.23) | 33.61 (2.72) † | 1.76 |
| Forearm length (cm) + | 23.02 (1.05) | 25.63 (2.52) † | 1.31 |
| Elbow diameter (cm) | 6.01 (0.43) | 6.03 (0.51) | |
| Wrist diameter (cm) | 5.34 (0.24) | 5.24 (0.32) | |
| Hand length (cm) + | 17.0 (0.53) | 19.01 (1.84) † | 1.35 |
| Hand breadth (cm) + | 7.31 (0.85) | 7.31 (0.33) | |
| Hand length-breadth ratio + | 9.32 (0.34) | 9.42 (0.54) | |
| Hand shape index + | 38.91 (3.62) | 43.53 (2.64) † | 1.79 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 24.51 (4.32) | 31.32 (5.91) † | 1.31 |
+ Data presented as median ± IQR; SD: standard deviation; * Significant at ≤0.05 level; † Significant at ≤0.01 level; Effect size is shown for statistically significance differences.