Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study subjects before and after propensity score matching
| Before matching | After matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 cohort (n = 161 767) |
Non-COVID-19 cohort (n = 496 306) |
Std diff. | COVID-19 cohort (n = 157 913) |
Non-COVID-19 cohort (n = 157 913) |
Std diff. | |
| Age at the index date | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 73.5 ± 6.4 | 73 ± 6.2 | 0.083 | 73.5 ± 6.4 | 73.3 ± 6.3 | 0.018 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 83 347 (51.5) | 254 806 (51.3) | 0.004 | 81 574 (51.7) | 81 141 (51.4) | 0.005 |
| Male | 74 421 (46) | 235 782 (47.5) | 0.030 | 73 008 (46.2) | 73 712 (46.7) | 0.009 |
| Missing | 3999 (2.5) | 5718 (1.2) | 0.097 | 3331 (2.1) | 3060 (1.9) | 0.014 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 118 298 (73.1) | 372 396 (75.0) | 0.043 | 116 127 (73.5) | 116 056 (73.5) | 0.001 |
| African American | 24 534 (15.2) | 67 680 (13.6) | 0.044 | 23 732 (15.0) | 24 103 (15.3) | 0.007 |
| Asian | 2900 (1.8) | 9863 (2.0) | 0.014 | 2872 (1.8) | 2857 (1.8) | 0.001 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 373 (0.2) | 1319 (0.3) | 0.007 | 369 (0.2) | 309 (0.2) | 0.008 |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 182 (0.1) | 637 (0.1) | 0.005 | 182 (0.1) | 161 (0.1) | 0.004 |
| Other race | 4454 (2.8) | 15,565 (3.1) | 0.018 | 4402 (2.8) | 4656 (2.9) | 0.006 |
| Unknown race | 11 026 (6.8) | 28 846 (5.8) | 0.041 | 10 229 (6.5) | 9771 (6.2) | 0.012 |
| Social economic status | ||||||
| Problems related to housing and economic circumstances | 697 (0.4) | 418 (0.1) | 0.068 | 337 (0.2) | 369 (0.2) | 0.004 |
| Comorbidities (present) | ||||||
| Hypertensive diseases | 74 852 (46.3) | 135 190 (27.2) | 0.403 | 71 029 (45) | 71 516 (45.3) | 0.006 |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 1549 (1.0) | 1696 (0.3) | 0.077 | 1148 (0.7) | 1073 (0.7) | 0.006 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 35 185 (21.8) | 53 665 (10.8) | 0.300 | 32 202 (20.4) | 33 087 (21) | 0.014 |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 31 057 (19.2) | 54 240 (10.9) | 0.233 | 28 484 (18.0) | 27 460 (17.4) | 0.017 |
| Other forms of heart disease | 47 301 (29.2) | 90 033 (18.1) | 0.263 | 44 066 (27.9) | 42 958 (27.2) | 0.016 |
| Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 25 011 (15.5) | 35 298 (7.1) | 0.266 | 22 184 (14.0) | 22 429 (14.2) | 0.004 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 22 549 (13.9) | 29 040 (5.9) | 0.273 | 19 492 (12.3) | 19 655 (12.4) | 0.003 |
| Hypertensive chronic kidney disease | 9863 (6.1) | 9031 (1.8) | 0.221 | 7656 (4.8) | 7963 (5) | 0.009 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 14 013 (8.7) | 25 212 (5.1) | 0.142 | 12 683 (8.0) | 11 857 (7.5) | 0.020 |
| Diseases of liver | 7022 (4.3) | 9684 (2.0) | 0.137 | 5893 (3.7) | 5627 (3.6) | 0.009 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| Glucose | ||||||
| n (%) | 119 832 (74.1) | 309 585 (62.4) | 0.253 | 119 832 (74.1) | 110 285 (69.8) | 0.096 |
| Mean ± SD, mg/dL | 124.9 ± 52 | 121.4 ± 48.1 | 0.069 | 124.9 ± 52 | 124.4 ± 51.3 | 0.001 |
| Missing | 41 935 (25.9) | 186 721 (37.6) | 0.253 | 41 935 (25.9) | 47 628 (30.2) | 0.096 |
| Haemoglobin | ||||||
| n (%) | 110 998 (68.6) | 286 504 (57.7) | 0.227 | 107 297 (67.9) | 102 561 (64.9) | |
| Mean ± SD, g/dL | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 12.9 ± 2.2 | 0.092 | 12.8 ± 2.1 | 12.8 ± 2.2 | 0.015 |
| Missing | 50 769 (31.4) | 209,802 (42.3) | 0.227 | 50 616 (32.1) | 55 352 (35.1) | 0.064 |