Figure 1. Flow chart of the study design. The study included 2399 newly diagnosed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with a full evaluation, of whom 93 experienced cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (CCEs) during the follow-up. We input 21 candidate variables into the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model and multivariate Cox regression model, ultimately selecting 9 variables for model construction. Internal validation was performed, and model performance was then evaluated. CSTAR, Chinese SLE Treatment and Research Group.