Table 2.
Summary of the Main Clinical Associations Observed for Specific Lung Bacteria and Metabolites and Metabolite Classes
| Bacteria or Metabolites | Taxonomy: Phylum (Class) | Clinical Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||
| Neisseria.Otu0018 | Proteobacteria (Betaproteobacteria) | ↓ FEV1, ↓ FEF25–75, + COPD, ↓ CAT, – CB |
| Streptococcus - Otu0005 or Otu0082 | Firmicutes (Bacilli) | ↓ FEV1:FVC, ↓ FEV1, + COPD, ↑ CAT, + CB |
| Veillonella.Otu0002 | Firmicutes (Negativicutes) | ↓ FEV1, ↓ BDR, ↑ CAT, + CB |
| Actinomyces.Otu0086 | Actinobacteria | ↓ FEV1, ↑ BDR, + Exac past 12 mo at baseline, + Exac in study Yr 1 |
| Fusobacterium - Otu0023 or Otu0034 | Fusobacteria | +COPD, ↓ BDR, + CB |
| Capnocytophaga.Otu0054 | Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteriia) | ↑ FEV1, ↓ BDR, – CB, – Exac past 12 mo at baseline |
| Leptotrichia.Otu0038 | Fusobacteria | ↑ FEV1, ↓ BDR, – Exac past 12 mo at baseline |
| Pasteurellaceae_unclassified.Otu0087 | Proteobacteria (Gammaproteobacteria) | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEV1, ↑ FEF25–75, ↓ CAT |
| Prevotella.Otu003 | Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidia) | ↑ FEV1, ↑ FEF25–75, – COPD, ↓ BDR, + CAT, + CB, – Exac postbronch-Yr 1 |
| Prevotella.Otu004 | Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidia) | ↑ FEV1, – Exac past 12 mo at baseline |
| Prevotella.Otu0045 | Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidia) | ↑ FEV1, ↑ FEF25–75, – COPD, ↓ CAT |
| Pseudomonas.Otu0029 | Proteobacteria (Gammaproteobacteria) | ↑ FEV1, – CB |
| Metabolite | Metabolite Class | Clinical Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Untargeted panel, hydrophobic fraction | ||
| DG(42:3) | Diglyceride (diacylglycerol) | ↑ BDR, ↑ CAT, + CB |
| Galα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3) GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ-Cer(d18:1/16:0) (“Class-Glycosphingolipid-1” in Figure 1B) | Glycosphingolipid | ↓ FEV1, + CB |
| NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3) GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4 GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ-Cer(d18:1/24:0) (“Class-Glycosphingolipid-2” in Figure 1B) | Glycosphingolipid | ↓ FEV1 |
| GalNAcα1-3GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-3Galβ1- 4Glcβ-Cer(d18:1/22:0) (“Class-Glycosphingolipid-3” in Figure 1B) | Glycosphingolipid | + Exac postbronch-Yr 1 |
| LysoPC(17:0) | Lysophospholipid | ↓ FEV1,↑ BDR |
| LysoPC(22:0) | Lysophospholipid | + Exac postbronch-Yr 1 |
| LysoPE(22:0) | Lysophospholipid | + Exac postbronch-Yr 1 |
| LysoPE(22:6) | Lysophospholipid | ↓ FEV1 |
| PA(21:4) | Phosphatidic Acid | ↓ FEV1:FVC, + COPD, ↑ BDR |
| PC(O-18:0_O-3:1) | Phosphatidylcholine | ↓ FEV1, ↓ FEF25-75 , + Exac study Yr 1, + Exac postbronch-Yr 1 |
| PC(18:2_18:2) | Phosphatidylcholine | ↑ FEF25–75 , ↓ CAT |
| PE(P-38:3) | Phosphatidylethanolamine | ↓ FEV1, ↓ FEF25–75 , + COPD, ↑ BDR |
| PS(42:7) | Phosphatidylserine | ↓ FEV1, ↓ FEV25–75, ↑ BDR |
| PS(29:0) or PS(29:0)_isomer | Phosphatidylserine | ↑ FEV1, – Exac postbronch-Yr 1 |
| PS(O-36:0) | Phosphatidylserine | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEV1 , ↑ FEF25–75 |
| Betaine aldehyde | Quaternary ammonium salts | ↑ FEV1, ↑ FEF25–75, – Exac postbronch-Yr 1 |
| 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol | Sphingolipid | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEF25–75, ↓ BDR |
| 3,11-dioxopregna-4,17(20)-dien-21-oic acid methyl ester (“Class-Steroid Ester-1” in Figure 1B) | Steroid Ester | ↓ FEV1, + COPD, + CB |
| 392.7607@6.112 | NA | ↓ FEV1:FVC, + COPD, ↑ BDR, + Exac postbronch-Yr 1 |
| Targeted panel | ||
| Adenine | Purine | ↓ FEV1, ↑ BDR, ↑ CAT, + Exac past 12 mo at baseline |
| Adenosine | Purine metabolism | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEV1, – COPD, ↓ CAT, – CB, |
| AMP | Purine metabolism | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEV1, – COPD, ↑ BDR, ↑ CAT, + CB |
| Glutathione | Glutathione metabolism | ↑ FEV1, – COPD, ↓ BDR, ↓ CAT |
| Glutathione disulfide | Glutathione metabolism | ↑ FEV1, + COPD, ↑ BDR, ↑ CAT, + Exac past 12 mo at baseline |
| Lactate | Organic acid | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEV1, – COPD, ↓ BDR, ↑ CAT, + Exac in study Yr 1 |
| Leu-Pro | Dipeptide | ↓ FEV1, + COPD, ↑ BDR, + CB |
| Methionine | Amino acid | ↑ FEV1, – COPD, ↓ CAT, – Exac past 12 mo at baseline, – Exac study Yr 1 |
| 5′-methylthioadenosine | S-methyl derivative of adenosine | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEV1, ↓ CAT, – Exac study Yr 1 |
| Putrescine | Polyamine | ↓ FEV1:FVC, ↓ FEV1, +COPD, ↑ BDR, ↑ CAT, + CB, + Exac past 12 mo at baseline, + Exac study Yr 1 |
| Spermidine or spermine | Polyamine | ↓ FEV1, + COPD, ↑ BDR, ↑ CAT, + CB, + Exac past 12 mo at baseline |
| Sialic acid | Acidic monosaccharide | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEV1, – COPD, ↓ BDR, ↓ CAT |
| Tyrosine | Amino acid | ↑ FEV1:FVC, ↑ FEV1, – COPD, , ↓ CAT, – CB |
| Xanthine | Purine metabolism | ↓ FEV1:FVC, ↓ FEV1, + COPD, ↑ BDR, ↑ CAT, +CB, + Exac past 12 mo at baseline, + Exac study Yr 1 |
Definition of abbreviations: BDR = bronchodilator response; CAT = COPD Assessment Test score; CB = chronic bronchitis; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Exac = exacerbations; FEF25–75 = maximum midexpiratory flow; NA = not applicable; Postbronch-Yr 1 = postbronchoscopy, Year 1.
This table highlights features with consistent association patterns across outcomes or categories from either framework.