Table 1.

Structural equation model (SEM) result for songs (N = 164).

Response variable	Predictor variable	Estimate	SE	z	p
beauty	empathy	0.37	0.03	13.01	< 0.001	***
beauty	perceived happiness	0.46	0.02	21.23	< 0.001	***
beauty	perceived sadness	0.51	0.02	23.28	< 0.001	***
beauty	felt happiness	0.00	0.01	−0.06	0.956
beauty	felt sadness	−0.01	0.01	−0.83	0.407
beauty	stimulus duration	0.01	0.00	3.04	0.002	**
beauty	empathy * perceived happiness	0.04	0.01	4.62	< 0.001	***
beauty	empathy * perceived sadness	0.06	0.01	5.11	< 0.001	***
beauty	empathy * felt happiness	0.06	0.01	4.83	< 0.001	***
beauty	empathy * felt sadness	0.00	0.02	0.20	0.845
perceived happiness	empathy	0.26	0.05	5.06	< 0.001	***
perceived sadness	empathy	0.27	0.05	5.62	< 0.001	***
felt happiness	empathy	0.18	0.01	26.49	< 0.001	***
felt sadness	empathy	0.15	0.01	13.48	< 0.001	***

The model explains 49% of song beauty variance. Bold values indicate statistical significance. Interaction factors are highlighted in gray. All measures are mean-centered on a 10-point Likert scale.

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.001.