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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 23.
Published in final edited form as: Proc Conf Empir Methods Nat Lang Process. 2023 Dec;2023(4th New Frontier Summarization Workshop):68–74. doi: 10.18653/v1/2023.newsum-1.7

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Chain of Density (CoD) summaries grow increasingly entity dense, starting off closer to vanilla GPT-4 summaries and eventually surpassing that of human written summaries. Human annotations suggest that a density similar to that of human-written summaries is preferable–striking the right balance between clarity (favors less dense) and informativeness (favors more dense).