Table 2.

Biochar used for foliar plant disease management.

Pathogen	Host plant	Biochar feedstocks	Mechanism involved	Place of study	Reference
Levilula taurica	Tomato	Citrus wood	Systemic induced resistance	Israel	[51]
Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum and Podosphaeraapahanis,	Strawberry	Wood biochar	Induced the expression of defense-related gene	Israel	[52]
Botrytis cinerea	L. esculatum	Green house waste	Jasmonic acid signaling	Italy	[53]
Tobacco mosaic virus	L. esculatum	Salix wood chips	Induce systemic resistance	Egypt	[54]
Tomato leaf curl virus	L. esculatum	Maize cobs	Induced plant defence	Pakistan	[55]
Magnaporthe oryzae	Perrenial rye grass	Rice straw biochar based Si source amendment	Increased Silicon content tissue	China	[16]
Tomato spotted wilt virus	L. esculatum	Alfa alfa	Altered bacterial and fungal microbiome	Italy	[56]
Alternaria solani	L. esculatum	Green waste biochar, and wood biochar	Enhanced rhizobacterial activity to promote plant growth	Pakistan	[2,3]
Gloeocercospora sorghi	Agrostis stolonifera L	Biochar compost mixture	–	US	[57]