Table 3.

Summary table showing synergistic and antagonistic effects of biochar on plant growth.

Effect	Biochar (source)	Crop	Mechanism	Place of study	Reference
Synergistic
Increased biomass and seed yield	Sawdust	Soybean	Decrease in soil pH	Pakistan	[60]
Improvement in growth and physiology of maize	Grapevine twigs	Maize	Enhanced beneficial microbes	Pakistan	[49]
Increased biomass and seed yield	Sawdust	Soybean	Decrease in soil pH	Pakistan	[61]
Improvement in growth and physiology of maize	Grapevine twigs	Maize	Enhanced beneficial microbes	Pakistan	[62]
Increased yield	Biochar	Rice	Synergistic effect with PGPR	Egypt	[63]
Increase in grain yield and biological yield	Cow manure	Maize	Increased Nitrogen availability	Pakistan	[64]
Antagonistic
Negative yield impacts	Wheat-straw biochar	Rye grass (Lolium perenneL)	-		[65]
Increased disease incidence of Rhizoctonia solani	Greenhouse waste (GHW)	Cucumber	Toxic effect	Israel	[40]
Reduced asparagus yield	Biochar	Asparagus	Absorbed some nutrients, such as nitrogen,	USA	[66]
Reduced P availability	Wheat	Suaeda salsa	Occurrence of phosphate precipitation/sorption reaction	China	[67]
Reduction in uptake of Ca and Mg in maize	Wheat straw and pine wood biochar	Maize	Access addition of Potassium to soil	Denmark	[68]