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. 2024 Mar 29;29(9):2724–2732. doi: 10.1038/s41380-024-02526-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Figure illustrates the moderating effect of CTQ on the relationship between LEQ and GMV change in the middle frontal/precentral/postcentral gyri in MDD patients with at least one depressive episode. No significant moderating effect was observed in MDD patients without an episode or HCs during the 2-year interval. The β₁ value represents the simple effect of LEQ on GMV change, β₂ value represents the two-way interaction between LEQ and CTQ on GMV change, and β₃ value represents the three-way interaction between LEQ, CTQ, and recurrence group (MDD patients with an episode during the 2-year interval, MDD patients without an episode, and HCs) on GMV change. *Interactions were statistically significant at p < 0.05. **Interactions were statistically significant at p < 0.01.