Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of study participants at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) time points.
| Baseline (T1) | Follow-up (T2) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC (n = 392) | MDD (n = 362) | P | HC (n = 392) | MDD (n = 362) | P | |
| Age | 34.97 (13.28) | 35.47 (12.90) | 0.453 | 37.18 (13.27)** | 37.73 (12.92)** | 0.413 |
| Sex, n | F = 238, M = 154 | F = 230, M = 132 | 0.425 | - | - | - |
| BMI | 24.21 (4.22) | 25.65 (17.01) | 0.004 | 24.68 (4.10) | 26.49 (5.78) | <0.001 |
| TIV | 1533.63 (139.48) | 1528.65 (148.99) | 0.405 | 1531.18 (139.80)** | 1527.15 (148.33)* | 0.437 |
| HAM-D | 1.24 (1.84) | 8.07 (6.24) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.68)* | 5.66 (5.45)** | <0.001 |
| GAF | 91.65 (7.33) | 65.67 (13.66) | <0.001 | 90.40 (7.84)* | 71.78 (13.93)** | <0.001 |
| STAIS | 33.76 (8.09) | 49.15 (12.24) | <0.001 | 31.05 (7.84)* | 41.51 (12.23)** | <0.001 |
| FSozU/SSQ | 4.54 (0.50) | 3.82 (0.85) | <0.001 | 4.58 (0.48)* | 4.02 (0.80)** | <0.001 |
| PSS | 15.86 (6.99) | 28.67 (9.57) | <0.001 | 16.30 (6.61) | 23.75 (8.90)** | <0.001 |
| RS25 | 142.51 (17.48) | 112.46 (24.94) | <0.001 | 142.51 (16.57) | 117.75 (23.32)** | <0.001 |
| RSQ secure, n | 264 (67.34%) | 89 (24.58%) | <0.001 | - | - | - |
| NEOFFI neuroticism | 14.82 (7.20) | 28.09 (9.32) | <0.001 | - | - | - |
| First-degree relative with MDD, BD, SCZ, or SZA, n (%) | 86 (21.93%) | 130 (35.91%) | <0.001 | - | - | - |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 1.95 (3.73) | 2.63 (5.01) | 0.874a | - | - | - |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 36 (9.18%) | 73 (20.16%) | <0.001 | - | - | - |
| NSAID, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (2.48%) | 0.002 | - | - | - |
| Remission status | - | a = 145, r = 216 | - | - | a = 54, r = 308** | - |
| Antipsychotics, n (%) | - | 60 (16.57%) | - | - | 40 (11.04%)* | - |
| Antidepressants, n (%) | - | 215 (59.39%) | - | - | 160 (44.19%)** | - |
| Lithium, n (%) | - | 6 (1.65%) | - | - | 11 (3.03%) | - |
| Number of reported SLEs between T1 and T2 | - | - | - | 11.06 (6.18) | 14.01 (7.03) | <0.001 |
| LEQ total events score | - | - | - | 20.35 (13.64) | 29.36 (17.15) | <0.001 |
| LEQ negative events score | - | - | - | 5.57 (6.11) | 12.21 (10.97) | <0.001 |
| LEQ positive events score | - | - | - | 14.78 (10.45) | 17.15 (12.25) | 0.017 |
| CTQ | - | - | - | 31.51 (7.05) | 43.91 (15.04) | <0.001 |
| Interscan interval, days | - | - | - | 808.00 (112.03) | 810.86 (116.41) | 0.247 |
| At least one depressive episode between T1 and T2, n (%) | - | - | - | - | 162 (44.75%) | - |
| Number of depressive episodes between T1 and T2 | - | - | - | - | 0.70 (0.95) | - |
| Duration of depressive episodes between T1 and T2 [months] | - | - | - | - | 4.92 (6.62) | - |
| Number of hospitalizations between T1 and T2 | - | - | - | - | 0.32 (0.77) | - |
| Duration of hospitalization between T1 and T2 [months] | - | - | - | - | 0.98 (2.66) | - |
All values are given as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
BD bipolar disorder, BMI body mass index, CTQ childhood trauma questionnaire, FSozU/SSQ social support questionnaire, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning, F female, M male, HAM-D Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HC healthy control, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LEQ Life Events Questionnaire, MDD major depressive disorder, NEOFFI NEO Five-Factor Inventory questionnaire, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PSS Perceived Stress Scale questionnaire, RSQ Relationship Scales Questionnaire, RS25 25-item Resilience Scale, SCZ schizophrenia, SLEs stressful life events, STAI-S State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, SZA schizoaffective disorder, a acute, r partially or fully remitted (according to SCID-I/DSM-IV-TR), n number of participants.
P-values stem from the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test for between-group comparisons, or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within-group comparisons
*Significant within-group differences between baseline and follow-up at p < 0.05;
**Significant within-group differences between baseline and follow-up at p < 0.001.
ahs-CRP data was only available for 509 participants (HCs: n = 265; MDD: n = 244).