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. 2024 Jul 10;8(9):1771–1783. doi: 10.1038/s41562-024-01919-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a, Forward analysis. b, Backward analysis. For LHI, cases <£18,000 and controls ≥£18,000; for LMHI, cases <£29,999 and controls ≥£29,999; for MHHI, cases >£52,000 and controls ≤£52,000; and for HHI, cases >£100,000 and controls ≤£100,000. The effect estimates on the x axis are log-odds for both the forward and backward analyses given that all traits are binary; the error bars represent 95% CIs. Missing results are due to an insufficient number of SNPs selected for the MR analysis. HI, N = 379,598; ADHD, N = 225,534; AN, N = 72,517; ANX, N = 21,761; ASD, N = 46,350; BD, N = 413,466; MDD, N = 138,884; OCD, N = 9,725; PTSD, N = 206,655; SZ, N = 320,404.