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. 2024 Sep 23;15:8203. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52500-5

Fig. 5. RILO@MG promotes antitumour immunity by specifically phagocytizing tumour cells, regulating the TAM phenotype and enhancing T-cell viability.

Fig. 5

a Schematic illustration of RILO@MG phagocytizing H22 cells mediated by GPC3 and GTP. b, Fluorescence microscopy images of different formulations after coculture with H22 cells for 4 h (E:T = 2:1). Scale bar = 100 μm. E:T, effector cell (different formulations prepared using M1-type macrophage) to target cell (H22 cell) ratio. c Anchoring of GTP on RILO@MG promoted the phagocytosis of H22 cells (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). Different formulations were cocultured with H22 cells for 4 h (E:T = 1:1) and evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. d Specific lysis of H22 cells after coculture for 12 h at different E:T ratios measured by CCK-8 assay (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). e, f Percent cytokine lysis (e) and phagocytosis lysis (f) of H22 cells after coculture with different formulations for 12 h (E:T = 5:1) by using Transwell plates (pore size 0.4 μm) (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). g Experimental process for promoting the polarization from M2 phenotype to M1 phenotype. h Phenotype analysis of TAMs after coculture with different formulations in HCM for 24 h (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). i Schematic illustration of RILO@MG enhancing T cells by inhibiting the production of Kyn. j IDO1 activity was evaluated according to the percentage of Kyn/Trp within tumours (n = 5 biologically independent animals per group). k Regimen of the antitumour experiment after removal of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. l, m Photographs of tumours (l) and individual tumour growth curves (m) showed the critical role of T cells in antitumour immunity mediated by RILO@MG (n = 6 biologically independent animals per group). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD and were processed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (c, e, f, h, j) or two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (d). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns no significance. BMDMs were used in all experiments involving macrophages.