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. 2024 Aug 30;27(9):110839. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110839

Table 1.

Comparison of the biochemical profiles, liver and thyroid function tests, and measurements of electrolyte statistics between recovered and PCC individuals

Variables Reference range Recovered (n = 85) PCC (n = 85) p value
Biochemical profile

Creatine kinase, ng/mL, median (IQR) 0.6–6.3 1.60 (1.80) 1.20 (1.30) 0.001
A1C, %, median (IQR) <5.6 5.40 (0.40) 5.30 (0.50) 0.016
Creatinine, mg/dL, median (IQR) 0.67–117 0.69 (0.19) 0.78 (0.18) 0.001
Cholesterol total, mg/dL, mean ± SD 120–220 209.68 ± 46.74 223.41 ± 37.98 0.037
Cholesterol no-HDL, mg/dL, mean ± SD <130 146.23 ± 38.51 159.11 ± 35.98 0.026
Albumin, g/dL, median (IQR) 3.5–5.2 4.40 (0.40) 4.50 (0.40) 0.008
Na +, mEq/L, median (IQR) 136–146 140 (2) 139 (3) 0.003
K +, mEq/L, median (IQR) 3.5–5.1 4.40 (0.40) 4.20 (0.40) <0.001
GFR, mL/min∗1.73mˆ2, median (IQR) >90 102.61 (15.52) 94.23 (18.77) 0.002

Antibody levels

IgG total, pg/mL, median (IQR) 650–1600 1150 (210) 1007 (334) 0.009
IgG1, pg/mL, median (IQR) 382.4–928.6 521.80 (232.90) 453.85 (231.70) 0.004
IgE UI/mL, median (IQR) 0–115 21.80 (793.61) 41.150 (58.47) 0.009
Complement C3, mg/dL, median (IQR) 79–152 94.80 (23.0) 99.70 (26.2) 0.014
Complement C4, mg/dL, median (IQR) 16–38 21.40 (6.50) 25.00 (9.00) 0.004
αGAD, U/mL, median (IQR) <17 5.33 (0.93) 6.03 (1.09) <0.001
IGFBP3, μg/mL, mean ± SD 3.2–6.6 5.64 ± 1.10 6.33 ± 1.24 <0.001
pANCA, u, mean ± SD <20 3.31 ± 1.32 2.95 ± 0.52 0.020

Blood count and coagulation test

MCV, fL, median (IQR) 80–100 88.90 (5.4) 90.25 (5.0) 0.029
MCHC, g/dL, median (IQR) 31–37 29.90 (2.2) 30.2 (2.1) 0.006
ESR, mm/h, mean ± SD <15 11.10 ± 9.05 14.41 ± 12.00 0.044
INR, mean ± SD 0.8–1.2 0.92 ± 0.05 0.94 ± 0.07 0.019
Partial thromboplastin time, seg, mean ± SD 24.8–37.2 29.74 ± 2.06 30.77 ± 2.72 0.006
APTT ratio, mean ± SD 0.8–1.2 0.95 ± 0.06 0.99 ± 0.08 0.008
Prothrombin time, seg, median (IQR) 9.5–14.3 11.10 (0.80) 11.00 (1.40) 0.047
Fibrinogen, g/L, mean ± SD 2–4 4.21 ± 0.86 4.57 ± 1.04 0.017
Antithrombin III, %, mean ± SD 80–120 97.03 ± 10.17 104.83 ± 15.86 <0.001

COVID-19 serology antibodies

SARS-CoV-2 NC IgG positive, n (%) 80 (94.12) 68 (80) 0.011
SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG levels, pg/mL, mean ± SD 1794.16 ± 645.09 1525.98 ± 828.61 0.020

p value from χ2, Mann-Whitney’s U-test, or Student’s t test. Recovered: individuals who completely recovered within 3 months after acute COVID-19; PCC: individuals diagnosed with post-COVID-19 condition; A1c: glycohemoglobin; Na+: sodium; K+: potassium; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; Ig: immunoglobulin; αGAD: GAD antibody; IGFBP3: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; pANCA: perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; INR: international normalized ratio; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; NC, nucleocapsid; S1, Spike; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range. The reference range includes each biomarker’s upper and lower limits based on a group of healthy people, indicated by the Miguel Servet University Hospital (Zaragoza, Spain).