Table 5.

Subthemes under contextual factors.

Community data orientation	Illustrative quotes
Comfort with data	“[T]he treatment providers, they’re not necessarily data people, but there’s some of us that are looking at it and using it. I guess that’s all that matters in the long run. That’s something that we’re always going to be dealing with the people in the coalition that we have” (Massachusetts). “I think it goes back to who your audience is...If you’re looking to speak to people who, you know, I kind of consider myself a middle person for that aspect, right, so if you’re trying to speak to community members who have no data background and things like that, they’re -- first of all, they’re not even going to notice that [a date] is missing...” (New York). “[S]o we are planning on either in our August or September drug coalition meeting kind of...showing people how it works, showing people the data that’s in there, and hopefully getting people a little bit more oriented towards...looking at that dashboard to see if what we’re doing is making a difference, because I don’t think that we are, as a coalition I don’t think we are data oriented and enough really if that makes sense” (Ohio).
Established tools and approaches	“I mean, I think the primary source or the primary...way that data is distributed in [the community] is really just through personal connections...I mean you know I think every coalition meeting we’ve had our health commissioner comes and has the...harm reduction clinic numbers, you know written down on the back of an envelope or a napkin or something and that was you know the you know the organizations are generally very good about sharing that individual level data...You know, to help, to help people” (Ohio). “So, they’ve got their ODMAP [Overdose Detection Mapping Application Program] data that comes in through HIDTA [high intensity drug trafficking areas] and the police departments, and then they have the [Department of Health] data that shows how many Narcan saves happened and how many overdoses occurred. And then on top of that, you have things like coroner’s reports and coroner responses to actual deaths” (New York). “I would say there’s a couple of places we’ll look depending on what it is. We use the KIPRC site a lot, Kentucky Injury Prevention. We use that depending on what they have. We also keep a data dashboard from the Health Department’s perspective on substance use and opioid disorder. So, we have a dashboard on ours that looks at things. We do a daily dashboard on overdose visits to the ED and EMS runs and things like that...Periodically, we might get things from the Office of Drug Control Policy, the state. We also have a local Office of Drug Control Policy, which pulls some local data for all of our counties as well. So, I would say those are probably our main sources of substance use data” (Kentucky).