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. 2024 Sep 9;10:e51653. doi: 10.2196/51653

Table 1.

Change in psychosocial and physical variables during 3 phases.

Variables Phase 1, mean (SD) Phase 2, mean (SD) Phase 3, mean (SD) F (df) P value η2
UCLA-LS3a 23.6 (5.8) 24.0 (5.9) 23.9 (6.0) 21.48 (1.98, 7708.59) <.001 0.005
LSNS-6b 10.0 (6.1) 9.4 (6.0) 9.3 (6.0) 42.94 (1.98, 7711.90) <.001 0.011
K6c 5.1 (5.3) 4.0 (5.2) 3.9 (5.4) 167.66 (1.97, 7678.34) <.001 0.041
PHQ-9d 4.4 (5.4) 3.9 (5.4) 3.8 (5.4) 44.05 (1.97, 7679.82) <.001 0.011
SSS-8e 6.3 (5.5) 5.1 (5.5) 5.1 (5.5) 187.41 (1.94, 7538.18) <.001 0.046
Exercise 4.1 (1.8) 3.8 (1.9) 3.8 (1.9) 95.75 (1.98, 7716.06) <.001 0.024
Healthy eating habits 4.3 (1.5) 4.2 (1.6) 4.2 (1.6) 19.89 (2.00, 7782.00) <.001 0.005
Healthy sleep habits 4.7 (1.7) 4.7 (1.7) 4.8 (1.7) 2.21 (1.99, 7726.92) .11 0.001
Favorite activity 4.0 (1.6) 3.7 (1.7) 3.8 (1.7) 53.23 (2.00, 7766.41) <.001 0.013
Offline interaction with familiar people 3.5 (1.8) 3.3 (1.8) 3.9 (1.8) 177.67 (1.99, 7751.62) <.001 0.044
Web-based interaction with familiar people 3.1 (1.9) 2.7 (1.7) 2.8 (1.8) 90.16 (1.98, 7700.56) <.001 0.023
Altruistic preventive behavior 5.4 (1.7) 5.4 (1.7) 5.4 (1.7) 3.89 (1.99, 7728.86) .02 0.001
Optimism 4.0 (1.5) 4.2 (1.5) 4.3 (1.5) 69.17 (1.99, 7747.56) <.001 0.017
Deterioration of household economy 3.7 (1.8) 3.5 (1.7) 3.5 (1.7) 35.68 (1.97, 7659.63) <.001 0.009
Deterioration of relationship with familiar people 2.4 (1.5) 2.6 (1.6) 2.6 (1.5) 61.53 (2.00, 7782.00) <.001 0.016
Frustration 3.2 (1.7) 3.2 (1.7) 3.1 (1.7) 4.43 (1.99, 7737.40) .01 0.001
COVID-19–related anxiety 3.9 (1.7) 3.4 (1.7) 3.2 (1.6) 324.70 (1.98, 7714.55) <.001 0.077
COVID-19–related sleeplessness 2.5 (1.5) 2.5 (1.5) 2.4 (1.5) 5.58 (1.99, 7737.59) .004 0.001
Difficulties owing to the lack of daily necessities 3.5 (1.8) 2.5 (1.5) 2.5 (1.5) 684.09 (1.85, 7187.38) <.001 0.150
Difficulties in work or schoolwork 3.6 (2.0) 2.8 (1.7) 2.7 (1.7) 465.29 (1.91, 7428.28) <.001 0.107

aUCLA-LS3: University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale Version 3.

bLSNS-6: Lubben Social Network Scale-6.

cK6: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6.

dPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

eSSS-8: Somatic Symptom Scale-8.