Table 1.
Change in psychosocial and physical variables during 3 phases.
| Variables | Phase 1, mean (SD) | Phase 2, mean (SD) | Phase 3, mean (SD) | F (df) | P value | η2 |
| UCLA-LS3a | 23.6 (5.8) | 24.0 (5.9) | 23.9 (6.0) | 21.48 (1.98, 7708.59) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| LSNS-6b | 10.0 (6.1) | 9.4 (6.0) | 9.3 (6.0) | 42.94 (1.98, 7711.90) | <.001 | 0.011 |
| K6c | 5.1 (5.3) | 4.0 (5.2) | 3.9 (5.4) | 167.66 (1.97, 7678.34) | <.001 | 0.041 |
| PHQ-9d | 4.4 (5.4) | 3.9 (5.4) | 3.8 (5.4) | 44.05 (1.97, 7679.82) | <.001 | 0.011 |
| SSS-8e | 6.3 (5.5) | 5.1 (5.5) | 5.1 (5.5) | 187.41 (1.94, 7538.18) | <.001 | 0.046 |
| Exercise | 4.1 (1.8) | 3.8 (1.9) | 3.8 (1.9) | 95.75 (1.98, 7716.06) | <.001 | 0.024 |
| Healthy eating habits | 4.3 (1.5) | 4.2 (1.6) | 4.2 (1.6) | 19.89 (2.00, 7782.00) | <.001 | 0.005 |
| Healthy sleep habits | 4.7 (1.7) | 4.7 (1.7) | 4.8 (1.7) | 2.21 (1.99, 7726.92) | .11 | 0.001 |
| Favorite activity | 4.0 (1.6) | 3.7 (1.7) | 3.8 (1.7) | 53.23 (2.00, 7766.41) | <.001 | 0.013 |
| Offline interaction with familiar people | 3.5 (1.8) | 3.3 (1.8) | 3.9 (1.8) | 177.67 (1.99, 7751.62) | <.001 | 0.044 |
| Web-based interaction with familiar people | 3.1 (1.9) | 2.7 (1.7) | 2.8 (1.8) | 90.16 (1.98, 7700.56) | <.001 | 0.023 |
| Altruistic preventive behavior | 5.4 (1.7) | 5.4 (1.7) | 5.4 (1.7) | 3.89 (1.99, 7728.86) | .02 | 0.001 |
| Optimism | 4.0 (1.5) | 4.2 (1.5) | 4.3 (1.5) | 69.17 (1.99, 7747.56) | <.001 | 0.017 |
| Deterioration of household economy | 3.7 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.5 (1.7) | 35.68 (1.97, 7659.63) | <.001 | 0.009 |
| Deterioration of relationship with familiar people | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.5) | 61.53 (2.00, 7782.00) | <.001 | 0.016 |
| Frustration | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.7) | 4.43 (1.99, 7737.40) | .01 | 0.001 |
| COVID-19–related anxiety | 3.9 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.2 (1.6) | 324.70 (1.98, 7714.55) | <.001 | 0.077 |
| COVID-19–related sleeplessness | 2.5 (1.5) | 2.5 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.5) | 5.58 (1.99, 7737.59) | .004 | 0.001 |
| Difficulties owing to the lack of daily necessities | 3.5 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.5) | 2.5 (1.5) | 684.09 (1.85, 7187.38) | <.001 | 0.150 |
| Difficulties in work or schoolwork | 3.6 (2.0) | 2.8 (1.7) | 2.7 (1.7) | 465.29 (1.91, 7428.28) | <.001 | 0.107 |
aUCLA-LS3: University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale Version 3.
bLSNS-6: Lubben Social Network Scale-6.
cK6: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6.
dPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
eSSS-8: Somatic Symptom Scale-8.