Table 3.
Comparison of psychosocial and physical variables between participants with and without social isolation in each phase.
| Variables | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | ||||||||||||||
|
|
With social isolation, n (%) | Without social isolation, n (%) | t (df) | P value | Cohen d | With social isolation, n (%) | Without social isolation, n (%) | t (df) | P value | Cohen d | With social isolation, n (%) | Without social isolation, n (%) | t (df) | P value | Cohen d | ||
| UCLA-LS3a | 25.83 (5.25) | 20.29 (4.82) | 33.43 (3890) | <.001 | 1.092 | 26.13 (5.43) | 20.42 (4.89) | 32.97 (3890) | <.001 | 1.091 | 25.98 (5.46) | 20.33 (4.98) | 32.07 (3890) | <.001 | 1.068 | ||
| K6b | 5.79 (5.64) | 4.16 (4.52) | 10.02 (3789.08) | <.001 | 0.314 | 4.56 (5.60) | 2.92 (4.32) | 10.28 (3661.34) | <.001 | 0.319 | 4.66 (5.79) | 2.58 (4.21) | 12.89 (3686.79) | <.001 | 0.395 | ||
| PHQ-9c | 5.22 (5.83) | 3.30 (4.36) | 11.74 (3855.48) | <.001 | 0.363 | 4.55 (5.93) | 2.84 (4.34) | 10.36 (3745.89) | <.001 | 0.318 | 4.57 (5.88) | 2.43 (4.14) | 13.23 (3737.54) | <.001 | 0.402 | ||
| SSS-8d | 6.74 (5.82) | 5.63 (4.93) | 6.43 (3707.46) | <.001 | 0.203 | 5.59 (5.79) | 4.36 (4.95) | 7.05 (3453.40) | <.001 | 0.225 | 5.66 (5.82) | 4.05 (4.65) | 9.47 (3504.85) | <.001 | 0.297 | ||
| Exercise | 3.81 (1.83) | 4.61 (1.64) | 14.32 (3603.65) | <.001 | 0.458 | 3.47 (1.88) | 4.21 (1.81) | 12.07 (3172.29) | <.001 | 0.396 | 3.58 (1.87) | 4.30 (1.83) | 11.73 (3017.41) | <.001 | 0.388 | ||
| Healthy eating habits | 4.03 (1.58) | 4.76 (1.37) | 15.39 (3667.01) | <.001 | 0.489 | 3.93 (1.62) | 4.61 (1.46) | 13.53 (3332.90) | <.001 | 0.436 | 3.97 (1.65) | 4.66 (1.49) | 13.36 (3213.80) | <.001 | 0.433 | ||
| Healthy sleep habits | 4.50 (1.8) | 5.03 (1.61) | 9.54 (3622.47) | <.001 | 0.305 | 4.50 (1.75) | 5.1 (1.55) | 11.05 (3370.19) | <.001 | 0.355 | 4.57 (1.69) | 5.12 (1.53) | 10.48 (3214) | <.001 | 0.339 | ||
| Favorite activity | 3.68 (1.67) | 4.39 (1.50) | 13.83 (3612.49) | <.001 | 0.442 | 3.45 (1.70) | 4.08 (1.59) | 11.76 (3238.94) | <.001 | 0.383 | 3.61 (1.70) | 4.24 (1.61) | 11.51 (3105.44) | <.001 | 0.377 | ||
| Offline interaction with familiar people | 3.16 (1.76) | 4.02 (1.78) | 14.83 (3358.57) | <.001 | 0.485 | 3.01 (1.74) | 3.81 (1.73) | 13.81 (3083.15) | <.001 | 0.457 | 3.53 (1.76) | 4.63 (1.57) | 20.19 (3251.28) | <.001 | 0.651 | ||
| Web-based interaction with familiar people | 2.63 (1.75) | 3.75 (1.95) | 18.38 (3141.14) | <.001 | 0.612 | 2.39 (1.62) | 3.09 (1.84) | 12.01 (2783.71) | <.001 | 0.410 | 2.52 (1.68) | 3.28 (1.89) | 12.48 (2695.64) | <.001 | 0.429 | ||
| Altruistic preventive behavior | 5.18 (1.85) | 5.79 (1.41) | 11.55 (3839.85) | <.001 | 0.359 | 5.22 (1.79) | 5.74 (1.47) | 9.84 (3534.29) | <.001 | 0.310 | 5.21 (1.76) | 5.59 (1.53) | 7.03 (3306.28) | <.001 | 0.225 | ||
| Optimism | 3.59 (1.55) | 4.54 (1.35) | 20.21 (3664.40) | <.001 | 0.643 | 3.85 (1.54) | 4.68 (1.40) | 16.82 (3890) | <.001 | 0.557 | 3.97 (1.51) | 4.80 (1.41) | 17.03 (3890) | <.001 | 0.567 | ||
| Deterioration of household economy | 3.74 (1.76) | 3.61 (1.75) | 2.41 (3890) | .02 | 0.079 | 3.50 (1.72) | 3.36 (1.69) | 2.59 (3890) | .010 | 0.086 | 3.66 (1.67) | 3.30 (1.63) | 6.69 (3025.16) | <.001 | 0.221 | ||
| Deterioration of relationship with familiar people | 2.52 (1.54) | 2.16 (1.42) | 7.53 (3551.79) | <.001 | 0.242 | 2.68 (1.56) | 2.53 (1.57) | 2.91 (3890) | .004 | 0.096 | 2.79 (1.56) | 2.39 (1.48) | 7.96 (3092.18) | <.001 | 0.261 | ||
| Frustration | 3.27 (1.73) | 3.02 (1.67) | 4.43 (3890) | <.001 | 0.145 | 3.21 (1.73) | 3.07 (1.71) | 2.46 (3890) | .014 | 0.081 | 3.25 (1.66) | 2.82 (1.61) | 8.05 (3890) | <.001 | 0.268 | ||
| COVID-19–related anxiety | 3.93 (1.7) | 3.96 (1.67) | 0.53 (3890) | .59 | 0.017 | 3.44 (1.69) | 3.43 (1.64) | 0.23 (3890) | .82 | 0.008 | 3.28 (1.61) | 3.17 (1.61) | 2.04 (3890) | .04 | 0.068 | ||
| COVID-19–related sleeplessness | 2.50 (1.53) | 2.40 (1.52) | 1.95 (3890) | .05 | 0.064 | 2.48 (1.52) | 2.42 (1.50) | 1.12 (3890) | .26 | 0.037 | 2.44 (1.46) | 2.30 (1.45) | 2.91 (2988.40) | .004 | 0.097 | ||
| Difficulties owing to the lack of daily necessities | 3.53 (1.81) | 3.40 (1.78) | 2.24 (3890) | .03 | 0.073 | 2.53 (1.54) | 2.52 (1.55) | 0.38 (3890) | .71 | 0.013 | 2.52 (1.51) | 2.35 (1.49) | 3.54 (3003.67) | <.001 | 0.117 | ||
| Difficulties in work or schoolwork | 3.53 (1.93) | 3.60 (1.98) | 1.17 (3890) | 0.24 | 0.038 | 2.78 (1.68) | 2.78 (1.70) | 0.07 (3890) | .94 | 0.002 | 2.75 (1.66) | 2.50 (1.63) | 4.55 (3018.45) | <.001 | 0.151 | ||
aUCLA-LS3: University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale Version 3.
bK6: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6.
cPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
dSSS-8: Somatic Symptom Scale-8.