Table 2.

Associations between maturational timing and injury for all relevant selected studies

Study	Sport	Maturity	Timing criteria	Injury outcome	Early (E)	On-time (O)	Late (L)
Fourchet et al 41	Athletics	EAPHV (MO)	EAPHV <13.2 or ≥15.2	Incidence	–	–	↑O E Foot, ankle, lower leg
Johnson et al 35	Soccer	SA (Fels)	SA-CA ±1.0 years	Incidence	–	–	–
Johnson et al 20	Soccer	%PAH (KR)	Z-Score ±0.5	Incidence	–	–	–
Le Gall et al 36	Soccer	SA (GP)	SA-CA ±1.0 years	Incidence	↑L Moderate Inc. ↑L Tendinopathies ↑L Groin ↑L O Groin strains ↑L O Re-injuries	↑L Moderate Inc. ↑L Groin ↑L Tendinopathies ↑E Osteochondrosis	↑E Major Inc. ↑E Osteochondrosis ↑E O Osteochondral disorder knee*
Light et al (2021)	Soccer	KR %PAH	Z-Score ±1.0	Frequency	–	–	–
Materne et al 38	Soccer	SA (Fels)	SA-CA ±1.0 years	Incidence	↑O Overall ↑O Sprain/ligament ↑O Functional muscle disorder ↑O Head/face	↑E Other bone injury ↑E AIIS avulsion ↑E Osgood-Schlatter disease ↑E Knee apophyseal ↑E Sever disease	↑E Other bone injury ↑E O Tendinopathy ↑E Thigh ↑E Osgood-Schlatter disease ↑E Knee apophyseal
Monasterio et al 8	Soccer	SA (TW2-RUS)	SA-CA ±0.5 years	Burden	↑L Overall ↑L O Muscle ↑O Hamstring ↑L Joint/ligament ↑L Ankle	↑L Joint/ligament	–
Monasterio et al 22	Soccer	EA PHV (SITAR)	APHV <12.8 or >13.8	Burden	–	↑L O Overall ↑L Growth-related ↑L AIIS ↑L Knee injuries	–
Muller et al 40	Skiing	EAPHV (MO)	♂ EAPHV <13.2 or >14.2 ♀ EAPHV <11.5 or >12.5	Frequency	–	–	–
Van der Sluis et al 29	Soccer	EAPHV (MO)	EAPHV< or ≥13.92	Incidence	–	NA	↑E Overuse

*Finding confirmed with co-author after discrepancy in published result noted.

EAPHV, estimated age at peak height velocity; GP, Greulich-Pyle; KR, Khamis-Roche method; MO, maturity offset; %PAH, percentage of predicted adult height; SA, skeletal age; SITAR, super-imposition by translation and rotation; TW2, Tanner-Whitehouse 2nd method.