Table 1.
Univariate Analysis Between Depression and Non-Depression Groups (n=203)
| Characteristics | Total (n=203) | Non-depression (n=97) | Depression (n=106) | χ2/T value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (at inclusion) | 21.10 ± 11.90 | 21.03 ± 12.94 | 21.16 ± 10.92 | −0.077 | 0.939 |
| Age group | 0.010 | 0.922 | |||
| Children and adolescent group | 106 (52.2%) | 51 (48.1%) | 55 (51.9%) | ||
| Adult group | 97 (47.8%) | 46 (47.4%) | 51 (52.6%) | ||
| Gender | 0.170 | 0.680 | |||
| Male | 131 (64.5%) | 64 (48.9%) | 67 (51.1%) | ||
| Female | 72 (35.4%) | 33 (45.8%) | 39 (54.2%) | ||
| Education years (years) | 9.86 ± 4.30 | 9.27 ± 4.5 | 10.41 ± 4.06 | −1.894 | 0.060 |
| Hypnagogic/hypnopompic Hallucination | 8.476 | 0.004 | |||
| Yes | 97 (47.8%) | 36 (37.1%) | 61 (62.9%) | ||
| No | 106 (52.2%) | 61 (57.5%) | 45 (42.5%) | ||
| Sleep paralysis | 3.142 | 0.076 | |||
| Yes | 99 (48.8%) | 41 (41.4%) | 58 (58.6%) | ||
| No | 104 (51.2%) | 56 (53.8%) | 48 (46.2%) | ||
| Age at onset | 13.97 ± 10.37 | 14.32 ± 11.44 | 13.64 ± 9.32 | 0.464 | 0.643 |
| Age onset group | 0.711 | 0.399 | |||
| Children and adolescent group | 164 (80.8%) | 76 (46.3%) | 88 (53.7%) | ||
| Adult group | 39 (19.2%) | 21 (53.8%) | 18 (46.2%) | ||
| BMI | 25.69 ± 5.03 | 25.26 ± 4.78 | 26.08 ± 5.24 | −1.152 | 0.251 |
| Polysomnography parameters | |||||
| Total sleep time (min) | 448.70 ± 69.74 | 458.45 ± 58.21 | 439.77 ± 78.04 | 1.919 | 0.056 |
| Wake after sleep onset (min) | 56.91 ± 47.40 | 56.9 ± 46.05 | 56.92 ± 48.82 | −0.004 | 0.997 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 88.24 ± 9.14 | 88.48 ± 8.67 | 88.03 ± 9.58 | 0.350 | 0.727 |
| Sleep latency (min) | 5.03 ± 8.90 | 4.69 ± 6.88 | 5.33 ± 10.43 | −0.507 | 0.613 |
| Sleep stages | |||||
| R (%) | 22.11 ± 9.55 | 21.92 ± 9.09 | 22.28 ± 9.99 | −0.262 | 0.793 |
| N1 (%) | 20.00 ± 13.30 | 20.96 ± 13.76 | 19.13 ± 12.87 | 0.979 | 0.329 |
| N2 (%) | 40.77 ± 11.40 | 39.85 ± 10.56 | 41.61 ± 12.09 | −1.100 | 0.272 |
| N3 (%) | 16.81 ± 10.08 | 17.38 ± 10.93 | 16.28 ± 9.26 | 0.777 | 0.438 |
| AHI | 6.86 ± 12.04 | 6.31 ± 9.90 | 7.37 ± 13.74 | −0.625 | 0.533 |
| Respiratory-related arousals index | 3.37 ± 7.62 | 2.82 ± 5.59 | 3.88 ± 9.10 | −0.994 | 0.322 |
| Leg movement-related arousals index | 1.37 ± 1.88 | 1.64 ± 2.22 | 1.13 ± 1.46 | 1.939 | 0.054 |
| Spontaneous arousals index | 9.99 ± 7.23 | 10.65 ± 8.23 | 9.38 ± 6.14 | 1.251 | 0.212 |
| PLMI | 7.89 ± 12.15 | 8.89 ± 14.64 | 6.98 ± 9.29 | 1.097 | 0.274 |
| Sleep latency-MSLT (min)a | 1.92 ± 1.79 | 1.81 ± 1.67 | 2.03 ± 1.90 | −0.841 | 0.401 |
| ESS | 17.28 ± 5.04 | 16.89 ± 5.40 | 17.64 ± 4.67 | −1.067 | 0.287 |
| BIS | 76.54 ± 27.03 | 75.69 ± 28.97 | 77.31 ± 25.24 | −0.426 | 0.671 |
| Attentional impulsivity score | 29.21 ± 7.34 | 28.90 ± 7.83 | 29.50 ± 6.89 | −0.584 | 0.560 |
| Motor impulsivity score | 28.10 ± 7.30 | 26.60 ± 7.03 | 29.48 ± 7.30 | −2.861 | 0.005 |
| Non-planning impulsivity score | 43.30 ± 25.92 | 43.14 ± 22.87 | 43.44 ± 28.54 | −0.082 | 0.935 |
Notes: aSleep latency refers to the mean sleep latency in the multiple sleep latency test. bP value from the Independent sample t-test (for continuous data), a Chi-square test or Fisher exact test (for categorical variables). P value in bold if < 0.05.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; AHI, apnea hypopnea index; MSLT, multiple sleep latency test; BIS, Barratt Impulse Scale; PLMI, periodic leg movements index; MSLT, multiple sleep latency test; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.