Table 1.

Role of LncRNA in OA Inflammation

LncRNA	Expression in OA	Role in OA Inflammation	Pathways/Targets/Mechanisms	Reference
MALAT1	Upregulated	Enhances the expression and release of inflammatory mediators; modulates cellular responses like pyroptosis and apoptosis	Modulates NF-κB, TLR4, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR; acts as a ceRNA interacting with miR-146a, miR-145, miR-9; affects cytokine release, ECM degradation, and cell proliferation.	[91–96]
PVT1	Upregulated	Promotes inflammatory responses, ECM degradation, and chondrocyte apoptosis.	Influences TLR4/NF-κB TGF-β/SMAD4 pathways; acts as a ceRNA; targets such as miR −146a, miR-93-5p, miR-27b-3p, miR-140, miR-211-3p influencing MMP and cytokine levels.	[100–102,104,105,107]
H19	Upregulated	Enhance the release of inflammatory cytokines, affect the vitality and proliferation of chondrocytes, and promote angiogenesis	Regulates pathways like NF-κB, TLR4, JNK and AKT; interacts with miR-106a-5p, miR130a, miR-103a affecting cytokine levels and ECM components.	[113–116,118]
HOTAIR	Upregulated	Contributes to chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammatory responses.	Regulates pathways like NF-κB/TNFα, MAPK/c-Jun; modulates miRNA function impacting inflammatory signaling and ECM degradation such as miR-1277-5P, miR-107, miR-222-3p, miR-17-3p	[123,125–128]
NEAT1	Upregulated	Targets miRNAs to regulate inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes.	Involves Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways; interacts with miRNAs like miR-543, miR-146a-3p, miR-193a-3p, miR-16-5p affecting inflammation-related gene expression.	[120,130,131,133–136]
THRIL	Upregulated	Promotes inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis, exacerbates inflammatory injury.	Modulates JAK1/STAT3, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT pathways; influences cytokine production and cellular viability.	[139,140]
XIST	Upregulated	Regulates gene expression related to inflammation and chondrocyte viability.	Acts as a ceRNA for miR-149-5p, miR-376c-5p; interacts with pathways like PI3K/Akt and affects cytokine levels and ECM components.	[142–144]
MEG3	Downregulated	Plays a role in reducing inflammatory responses, chondrocyte apoptosis and reduces angiogenesis.	Regulation of miR-16, miR-93 and other miRNAs; It affects TGF-β, TLR4/ NF-κB pathway and ECM degradation	[146,150,151,153,155,156]
GAS5	Downregulated	Inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis and modulates inflammatory responses.	Functions as a ceRNA for miR-146a; impacts Smad4 expression and inflammatory signaling pathways.	[158–160]
NKILA	Downregulated	Inhibit the activation of NF-κB, reduce the expression of inflammatory mediators and angiogenesis	Stabilizes the NF-κB/IκB complex; modulates inflammation and cellular responses in chondrocytes.	[162–164]
ATB	Downregulated	Reduces inflammatory mediators and promotes chondrocyte viability.	Regulates Akt phosphorylation; affects MyD88 and p38 in the TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK pathways.	[166,167]
PACER	Downregulated	Modulates affecting inflammatory responses and cartilage degeneration.	Interacts with NF-κB p50 subunit	[169]
OIP5-AS1	Downregulated	Mitigates inflammatory responses and promotes chondrocyte viability.	Regulates PI3K/AKT pathway, AMPK/Akt/mTOR; interacts with miR-338-3p affecting cytokine expression and ECM integrity.	[173–175]