A mitochondrial stress test was performed to measure (A) the oxygen consumption rates (pmol/min) of HSPCs isolated from 24-week-old female C57BL/6 mice. At times indicated, oligomycin (2 μM), FCCP (0.5 μM, 1 μM, 1.5 μM, 2 μM), and rotenone and antimycin A (Rot./AA, 0.5 μM each) were injected. (B) OCR is calculated as non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption, basal respiration, proton leak, maximal respiration (per 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 1.5 μM, and 2 μM FCCP), ATP production, spare respiratory capacity (per 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 1.5 μM, and 2 μM FCCP), and coupling efficiency per 2.5 × 105 HSPCs/well. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 4. Abbreviations: HSPCs = hematopoietic stem and primitive progenitor cells; OCR = oxygen consumption rate; FCCP = carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone; Rot. = rotenone; AA = antimycin A.