Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the patients
| Characteristics | All patients (N=106) | Chief complaint of ADHD (N=46) | Other chief complaints (N=60) | p | No depression (CES-D<16) (N=17) | Depression (CES-D≥16) (N=86) | p | No childhood ADHD diagnosis (N=82) | Childhood ADHD diagnosis (N=23) | p | Low IQ (IQ<85) (N=12) | Normal IQ (IQ≥85) (N=25) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 60 (56.6) | 30 (65.2) | 30 (50.0) | 0.121 | 12 (70.6) | 48 (53.9) | 0.259 | 44 (53.6) | 17 (73.9) | 0.082 | 6 (50.0) | 16 (64.0) | 0.417 |
| Age (yr) | 26.6±8.0 | 26.8±8.0 | 26.5±8.0 | 0.857 | 26.94±7.20 | 26.51±7.65 | 0.722 | 28.2±7.8 | 22.1±4.5 | <0.001* | 22.0±5.1 | 24.6±6.4 | 0.227 |
| Years of education (yr) | 13.8±2.1 | 13.9±2.0 | 13.7±2.2 | 0.486 | 13.82±2.24 | 13.71±2.06 | 0.206 | 14.1±2.1 | 12.5±1.4 | <0.001* | 12.5±1.2 | 13.2±2.1 | 0.326 |
| Highly educated | 36 (34.0) | 17 (37.0) | 19 (31.7) | 0.373 | 5 (29.4) | 29 (33.7) | 0.730 | 31 (37.8) | 1 (4.4) | 0.001* | 6 (24.0) | 1 (8.3) | 0.255 |
| Medicaid | 5 (4.7) | 3 (6.5) | 2 (3.3) | 0.443 | 0 (0) | 5 (5.8) | 0.308 | 5 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 0.225 | 0 (0) | 1 (4.0) | 0.482 |
| Married | 4 (3.8) | 2 (4.3) | 2 (3.3) | 0.759 | 0 (0) | 4 (4.7) | 0.388 | 3 (3.7) | 1 (4.4) | 0.882 | 0 (0) | 1 (4.2) | 0.473 |
| Living alone | 18 (17.0) | 9 (19.6) | 9 (15.0) | 0.286 | 4 (23.5) | 14 (16.3) | 0.427 | 17 (20.7) | 1 (4.4) | 0.048* | 2 (18.2) | 1 (5.0) | 0.235 |
| Occupation | |||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 33 (31.1) | 9 (19.6) | 24 (40.0) | 0.113 | 4 (23.5) | 28 (32.6) | 0.491 | 26 (31.7) | 7 (30.4) | 0.189 | 6 (50.0) | 2 (8.0) | 0.035* |
| Student | 36 (34.0) | 17 (37.0) | 19 (31.7) | 5 (29.4) | 31 (36.0) | 24 (29.3) | 12 (52.2) | 4 (33.3) | 14 (56.0) | ||||
| Full-time job | 22 (20.8) | 13 (28.3) | 9 (15.0) | 5 (29.4) | 15 (17.4) | 11 (13.4) | 1 (4.4) | 1 (8.3) | 4 (16.0) | ||||
| Part-time job | 15 (14.2) | 7 (15.2) | 8 (13.3) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (14.0) | 21 (25.6) | 3 (13.0) | 1 (8.3) | 5 (20.0) | ||||
| Frequent occupation change | 15 (14.2) | 7 (15.2) | 8 (13.3) | 0.665 | 3 (17.6) | 11 (12.8) | 0.634 | 12 (14.6) | 3 (13.0) | 0.839 | 2 (18.2) | 4 (16.0) | 0.871 |
| Grade in school-time | |||||||||||||
| Low | 30 (28.3) | 16 (34.8) | 14 (23.3) | 0.210 | 3 (17.6) | 27 (31.4) | 0.435 | 23 (28.0) | 7 (30.4) | 0.189 | 8 (88.9) | 9 (56.3) | 0.223 |
| Moderate | 15 (14.2) | 5 (10.9) | 10 (16.7) | 3 (17.6) | 10 (11.6) | 9 (11.0) | 6 (26.1) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (31.3) | ||||
| High | 12 (11.3) | 8 (17.4) | 4 (6.7) | 1 (5.9) | 11 (12.8) | 10 (12.2) | 1 (4.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (12.5) | ||||
| Unknown | 49 (46.2) | 17 (37.0) | 32 (53.3) | 10 (58.8) | 38 (44.2) | 40 (48.8) | 9 (39.1) | 3 (25.0) | 9 (36.0) | ||||
| Referral route | |||||||||||||
| Self | 66 (62.3) | 30 (65.2) | 36 (60.0) | 0.702 | 8 (47.1) | 55 (64.0) | 0.389 | 55 (67.1) | 10 (43.5) | 0.112 | 5 (41.4) | 14 (56.0) | 0.300 |
| Professional recommendation | 20 (18.9) | 7 (15.2) | 13 (21.7) | 5 (29.4) | 15 (17.4) | 14 (17.1) | 6 (26.1) | 4 (33.3) | 3 (12.0) | ||||
| Family recommendation | 20 (18.9) | 9 (19.6) | 11 (18.3) | 4 (23.5) | 16 (18.6) | 13 (15.9) | 7 (30.4) | 3 (25.0) | 9 (32.0) | ||||
| Childhood medical history | |||||||||||||
| ADHD diagnosis | 23 (21.7) | 11 (23.9) | 12 (20.0) | 0.586 | 4 (23.5) | 18 (20.9) | 0.830 | 0 (0) | 23 (100) | <0.001* | 4 (33.3) | 9 (36.0) | 0.874 |
| Stimulant medication | 20 (18.9) | 8 (17.4) | 12 (20.0) | 0.774 | 4 (23.5) | 15 (17.4) | 0.570 | 0 (0) | 20 (87.0) | <0.001* | 4 (33.3) | 9 (36.0) | 0.874 |
| Other NP medication | 23 (21.7) | 8 (17.4) | 15 (25.0) | 0.376 | 5 (29.4) | 18 (20.9) | 0.458 | 10 (12.2) | 13 (56.5) | <0.001* | 5 (41.7) | 6 (24.0) | 0.271 |
| Adulthood medical history | |||||||||||||
| Stimulant medication | 40 (37.7) | 18 (39.1) | 22 (36.7) | 0.795 | 6 (35.3) | 32 (37.2) | 0.881 | 31 (37.8) | 9 (39.1) | 0.908 | 3 (25.0) | 8 (32.0) | 0.663 |
| Other NP medication | 69 (65.1) | 17 (37.0) | 52 (86.7) | <0.001* | 6 (35.3) | 62 (72.1) | 0.003* | 57 (69.5) | 12 (52.2) | 0.122 | 7 (58.3) | 13 (52.0) | 0.717 |
| Current NP medication | 59 (55.7) | 13 (28.3) | 46 (76.7) | <0.001* | 4 (23.5) | 55 (64.0) | 0.002* | 49 (59.8) | 10 (43.5) | 0.164 | 8 (66.7) | 10 (40.0) | 0.129 |
| Stimulant | 25 (23.6) | 12 (26.1) | 13 (21.7) | 0.595 | 3 (17.6) | 20 (23.3) | 0.612 | 20 (24.4) | 5 (21.8) | 0.792 | 1 (8.3) | 7 (28.0) | 0.174 |
| Antipsychotics | 38 (35.8) | 9 (19.6) | 29 (48.3) | 0.002* | 1 (5.9) | 37 (43.0) | 0.004* | 28 (34.1) | 10 (43.5) | 0.410 | 4 (33.3) | 8 (32.0) | 0.935 |
| Antidepressant | 34 (32.1) | 8 (17.4) | 26 (43.3) | 0.005* | 3 (17.6) | 31 (36.0) | 0.140 | 30 (36.6) | 4 (17.4) | 0.082 | 5 (41.7) | 4 (16.0) | 0.088 |
| Mood stabilizer | 23 (21.7) | 4 (8.7) | 19 (31.7) | 0.004* | 0 (0) | 23 (26.7) | 0.016* | 18 (22.0) | 5 (21.7) | 0.983 | 3 (25.0) | 7 (28.0) | 0.847 |
| Benzodiazepine | 27 (25.5) | 6 (13.0) | 21 (35.0) | 0.010* | 1 (5.9) | 26 (29.2) | 0.037* | 22 (26.8) | 5 (21.7) | 0.622 | 2 (16.7) | 6 (24.0) | 0.612 |
| Family history | |||||||||||||
| ADHD | 5 (4.7) | 4 (8.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0.061 | 1 (5.9) | 4 (4.7) | 0.855 | 2 (2.4) | 3 (13.0) | 0.028* | 1 (8.3) | 1 (4.0) | 0.555 |
| Other psychiatric disorders | 31 (29.2) | 11 (23.9) | 20 (33.3) | 0.532 | 5 (29.4) | 26 (30.2) | 0.872 | 22 (26.8) | 9 (39.1) | 0.184 | 5 (41.6) | 7 (28.0) | 0.325 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. Statistics was analyzed using chi-square test for the categorical variables and Student’s t-test for the continuous variables.
*
statistically significant (p<0.05).
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IQ, intelligence quotient; NP, neuropsychiatric