Table 3.
Comparisons of neurocognitive test results by group
| All patients (N=106) | Chief complaint of ADHD (N=46) | Other chief complaint (N=60) | t | p | No Depression (CES-D<16) (N=17) | Depression (CES-D≥16) (N=86) | t | p | No childhood ADHD diagnosis (N=82) | Childhood ADHD diagnosis (N=23) | t | p | Low IQ (IQ<85) (N=12) | Normal IQ (IQ≥85) (N=25) | t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention span test | |||||||||||||||||
| Forward (auditory) | 55.03±15.56 | 57.37±16.26 | 53.23±14.89 | -1.362 | 0.182 | 55.59±16.77 | 54.91±15.41 | 0.164 | 0.870 | 55.49±15.55 | 53.96±16.00 | 0.415 | 0.679 | 45.17±10.38 | 58.32±17.32 | 2.872 | 0.007* |
| Backward (auditory) | 52.45±12.13 | 55.96±12.54 | 49.77±11.18 | -2.680 | 0.009* | 53.35±11.92 | 52.22±12.04 | 0.355 | 0.723 | 52.94±11.54 | 50.96±14.38 | 0.688 | 0.493 | 42.33±8.97† | 56.84±13.77 | 3.315 | 0.002* |
| Forward (visual) | 49.67±10.71 | 51.52±11.34 | 48.25±10.06 | -1.570 | 0.119 | 53.71±10.95 | 49.14±10.49 | 1.629 | 0.106 | 50.10±10.81 | 48.22±10.66 | 0.739 | 0.462 | 45.67±8.57 | 50.44±11.54 | 1.270 | 0.212 |
| Backward (visual) | 45.47±11.16 | 46.70±12.11 | 44.53±10.38 | -0.989 | 0.325 | 46.82±9.65 | 44.87±11.12 | 0.674 | 0.502 | 46.21±11.47 | 42.57±9.85 | 1.385 | 0.169 | 40.33±4.96† | 47.28±14.05 | 1.654 | 0.035* |
| Visual TMT | |||||||||||||||||
| TMT-A (selective/focused) | 59.10±12.33 | 60.83±13.11 | 57.78±11.63 | -1.263 | 0.209 | 62.06±14.09 | 58.47±11.80 | 1.111 | 0.269 | 60.01±12.21 | 55.09±11.92 | 1.718 | 0.089 | 50.33±9.70 | 58.08±15.37 | 1.863 | 0.072* |
| TMT-B (divided) | 55.66±12.93 | 57.93±13.41 | 53.88±12.37 | -1.606 | 0.111 | 57.18±12.30 | 55.35±13.05 | 0.531 | 0.597 | 56.49±12.51 | 51.78±13.52 | 1.566 | 0.120 | 49.83±13.65 | 58.88±12.72 | 1.978 | 0.056 |
| Conners’ CPT-3 | |||||||||||||||||
| Measures of inattentiveness | |||||||||||||||||
| Detectability | 46.90±10.16 | 46.74±10.19 | 47.02±10.22 | 0.139 | 0.890 | 42.35±10.83 | 47.62±9.95 | -1.964 | 0.052 | 46.00±10.06 | 49.70±10.23 | -1.551 | 0.124 | 52.00±12.87 | 45.68±8.59 | -1.777 | 0.084 |
| Omission errors§ | 48.84±9.31 | 49.22±10.14 | 48.55±8.70 | -0.364 | 0.716 | 48.12±10.99 | 48.92±9.04 | -0.322 | 0.748 | 47.73±7.82 | 52.00±12.58 | -1.999 | 0.048 | 55.58±16.85† | 47.44±4.19 | -1.650 | 0.126 |
| Variability§ | 46.75±9.54 | 46.72±7.98 | 46.77±10.64 | 0.026 | 0.979 | 46.41±12.46 | 46.85±9.09 | -0.170 | 0.866 | 45.87±9.64 | 49.57±8.86 | -1.654 | 0.101 | 49.67±14.91 | 47.12±7.50 | -0.696 | 0.491 |
| Measures of impulsivity | |||||||||||||||||
| HRT | 53.57±9.17 | 54.24±9.09 | 53.05±9.27 | -0.660 | 0.511 | 57.76±10.83 | 52.69±8.65 | 2.119 | 0.037* | 52.62±8.88 | 56.26±9.44 | -1.713 | 0.090 | 58.58±11.39 | 54.28±10.95 | -1.105 | 0.277 |
| Commission errors§ | 46.58±9.25 | 46.35±9.27 | 46.77±9.31 | 0.230 | 0.819 | 41.88±8.30‡ | 47.44±9.28 | -2.294 | 0.024* | 46.65±9.41 | 46.48±9.07 | 0.076 | 0.939 | 49.08±11.03 | 45.76±9.61 | -0.939 | 0.354 |
| Perseveration§ | 50.74±11.21 | 50.11±10.06 | 51.22±12.08 | 0.502 | 0.616 | 50.00±10.95 | 50.83±11.46 | -0.273 | 0.785 | 49.88±10.69 | 53.91±12.88 | -1.528 | 0.130 | 56.33±16.57† | 50.44±11.80 | -1.245 | 0.222 |
| Measures of sustained attention | |||||||||||||||||
| HRT block change§ | 50.08±10.32 | 49.09±9.90 | 50.85±10.64 | 0.871 | 0.386 | 52.29±11.40 | 49.58±10.26 | 0.978 | 0.330 | 49.05±10.25 | 53.74±10.15 | -1.943 | 0.055 | 54.25±6.47 | 48.92±11.08 | -1.538 | 0.133 |
| Measures of vigilance | |||||||||||||||||
| HRT ISI Change | 54.22±9.27 | 55.76±9.54 | 53.03±8.96 | -1.510 | 0.134 | 53.71±8.21 | 54.35±9.61 | -0.258 | 0.797 | 53.48±9.25 | 56.22±8.91 | -1.267 | 0.208 | 54.00±9.09 | 53.48±11.13 | -0.141 | 0.889 |
| Verbal memory | |||||||||||||||||
| Immediate recall A1 (verbal) | 50.23±7.54 | 49.89±7.07 | 50.48±7.93 | 0.399 | 0.691 | 51.76±7.29 | 50.06±7.63 | 0.849 | 0.398 | 50.99±7.51 | 47.52±7.32 | 1.967 | 0.052 | 46.08±7.28 | 51.36±8.67 | 1.819 | 0.078 |
| Immediate recall A5 (verbal) | 46.65±13.14 | 46.11±12.16 | 47.07±13.93 | 0.371 | 0.712 | 46.53±10.45 | 46.78±13.68 | -0.071 | 0.943 | 48.30±13.55 | 40.61±9.95 | 2.536 | 0.013* | 39.08±9.79† | 51.60±15.30 | 2.581 | 0.014* |
| Immediate recall A1–A5 (verbal) | 40.57±9.94† | 39.87±9.28 | 41.10±10.46 | 0.630 | 0.530 | 42.00±8.43† | 40.36±10.28† | 0.505 | 0.538 | 41.61±10.20† | 36.70±8.24† | 2.122 | 0.036* | 34.33±5.76† | 43.32±12.14 | 3.055 | 0.004* |
| Visual memory | |||||||||||||||||
| Immediate recall A1 (visual) | 56.37±12.69 | 56.09±13.64† | 56.58±12.02† | 0.843 | 0.843 | 58.59±10.94 | 56.06±12.98 | 0.752 | 0.454 | 57.09±12.49 | 53.70±13.58 | 1.129 | 0.262 | 51.75±13.14 | 55.60±13.19 | 0.832 | 0.411 |
| Immediate recall A5 (visual) | 67.20±8.95‡ | 66.96±9.32 | 67.38±8.74 | 0.242 | 0.809 | 67.94±8.75‡ | 67.00±8.92‡ | 0.399 | 0.691 | 68.24±8.45‡ | 63.35±9.98‡ | 2.358 | 0.020* | 63.92±9.49‡ | 67.28±8.31‡ | 1.101 | 0.278 |
| Immediate recall A1–A5 (visual) | 59.73±9.81 | 58.89±10.97 | 60.37±8.85 | 0.766 | 0.445 | 61.71±8.74‡ | 59.45±9.94‡ | 0.869 | 0.387 | 60.34±9.54‡ | 57.43±10.79 | 1.254 | 0.213 | 54.92±5.89 | 60.12±8.52‡ | 1.903 | 0.065 |
| Wisconsin Card Sorting test | |||||||||||||||||
| Total trials | 53.46±11.05 | 52.39±9.44 | 54.29±12.17 | 0.900 | 0.370 | 55.29±10.39 | 53.36±11.27 | 0.652 | 0.516 | 54.23±11.01 | 50.64±11.21 | 1.355 | 0.178 | 45.42±11.87 | 57.58±10.94‡ | 3.058 | 0.004* |
| Total errors | 52.34±9.05 | 51.83±7.95 | 52.75±9.86 | 0.515 | 0.608 | 53.88±7.18 | 52.18±9.48 | 0.702 | 0.484 | 52.50±8.75 | 51.64±10.45 | 0.394 | 0.694 | 44.92±10.87† | 55.88±7.46‡ | 3.557 | 0.001** |
| Perseverative responses | 57.50±11.25 | 57.48±10.54 | 57.53±11.86 | 0.021 | 0.983 | 57.35±9.04 | 57.94±11.65 | -0.232 | 0.818 | 58.17±11.08 | 55.18±12.03 | 1.103 | 0.273 | 49.33±11.41 | 61.04±10.03‡ | 3.154 | 0.003* |
| Perseverative errors | 54.67±9.10 | 54.41±8.10 | 54.86±9.88 | 0.251 | 0.802 | 56.12±7.88 | 54.69±9.29 | 0.590 | 0.556 | 55.15±9.02 | 52.95±9.59 | 0.998 | 0.320 | 47.67±10.44 | 57.63±7.53 | 3.282 | 0.002* |
| Non-perseverative errors | 54.46±11.30 | 54.39±10.14 | 54.51±12.22 | 0.052 | 0.958 | 55.41±11.59 | 54.35±11.45 | 0.347 | 0.729 | 54.99±11.10 | 51.77±11.72 | 1.192 | 0.236 | 50.17±13.53 | 56.00±10.03 | 1.462 | 0.153 |
| Stroop test | |||||||||||||||||
| Word | 52.06±11.96 | 52.76±11.99 | 51.52±12.01 | -0.529 | 0.598 | 54.88±10.69 | 51.81±12.00 | 0.979 | 0.330 | 52.60±11.52 | 50.87±13.37 | 0.613 | 0.541 | 47.17±12.88 | 50.88±11.30 | 0.895 | 0.377 |
| Color only | 46.05±11.70 | 45.98±11.21† | 46.10±12.15† | 0.053 | 0.958 | 52.53±13.53 | 45.07±11.05 | 2.449 | 0.017* | 46.71±12.06 | 43.83±10.51 | 1.040 | 0.301 | 40.58±9.11† | 49.04±12.68 | 2.063 | 0.047* |
| Color word | 47.90±13.24 | 49.80±11.96† | 46.43±14.08† | -1.303 | 0.195 | 52.35±12.61 | 47.01±13.26 | 1.530 | 0.129 | 48.49±13.44 | 45.91±12.91 | 0.819 | 0.415 | 39.50±10.21† | 46.36±12.88 | 1.614 | 0.116 |
| Word of color word | 48.65±11.38 | 48.87±11.63 | 48.48±11.28 | -0.172 | 0.863 | 53.00±9.84 | 47.90±11.52 | 1.707 | 0.091 | 49.55±11.13 | 46.09±11.93 | 1.298 | 0.197 | 43.00±11.39† | 48.32±9.95 | 1.454 | 0.155 |
| Color of color word | 46.25±13.48 | 45.48±12.18 | 46.83±14.48 | 0.511 | 0.610 | 48.53±13.07 | 46.08±13.74 | 0.676 | 0.500 | 46.62±13.20 | 44.48±14.76 | 0.671 | 0.504 | 39.33±11.90† | 47.64±14.61 | 1.712 | 0.096 |
| Self-report measures | |||||||||||||||||
| K-AADHDS (inattention) | 20.58±6.10 | 21.65±5.36 | 19.75±6.53 | -1.604 | 0.112 | 16.18±6.33 | 21.37±5.75 | -3.347 | 0.001** | 20.59±6.09 | 20.26±6.23 | 0.225 | 0.823 | 21.83±6.13 | 18.36±7.01 | -1.497 | 0.151 |
| K-AADHDS (impulsivity/hyperactivity) | 16.74±5.89 | 17.02±4.96 | 16.52±6.55 | -0.452 | 0.652 | 13.06±5.24 | 17.47±5.85 | -2.883 | 0.005* | 16.70±5.82 | 16.70±6.35 | 0.000 | >0.999 | 16.50±4.50 | 15.56±6.10 | -0.474 | 0.639 |
| K-AADHDS (total) | 37.31±10.88 | 38.67±9.17 | 36.27±12.01 | -1.171 | 0.244 | 29.24±11.14 | 38.84±10.33 | -3.459 | 0.001** | 37.28±10.63 | 36.96±12.01 | 0.126 | 0.900 | 38.33±10.14 | 33.92±12.27 | -1.080 | 0.288 |
| CES-D (total) | 27.36±11.46 | 24.33±11.35 | 29.53±11.13 | 2.322 | 0.022* | 12.12±2.71 | 30.37±10.00 | -14.416 | <0.001** | 27.78±11.72 | 25.18±10.29 | 0.942 | 0.348 | 27.73±15.55 | 26.84±13.73 | -0.172 | 0.865 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. Statistics was analyzed using Student’s t-test.
*
statistically significant (p<0.05);
**
statistically significant after Bonferroni correction;
†
poor performance compared to the normal range;
‡
good performance compared to the normal range;
§
lower scores indicate better performance.
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; TMT, Trail Making Test; CPT, Continuous Performance Test; K-AADHDS, Korean Adult ADHD Scale; HRT, hit reaction time; HRT ISI, HRT interstimulus interval; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IQ, intelligence quotient